Methods and compositions for transposition using minimal segments of the eukaryotic transformation vector piggyBac

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for transforming an insect genome that has a much enhanced transformation frequency. The vectors and plasmids employed in the method are further described as transposition vectors that include a minimal amount of nucleotide sequence homologous to a 5′ region and a 3′ region of a native piggyBac nucleic acid sequence. The transformed cells or embryos may also be developed into transgenic organisms. Disclosed are minimal piggyBac-based plasmid constructs that comprises a minimal nucleic acid sequence homologous to a 5′ end of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence (about 60-80 bp, particularly 66 bp) and a relatively long (300 to about 380 bp, particularly 311 bp or 378 bp) continuous nucleic acid sequence homologous to a 3′ end of a piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence. Methods employing these constructs include the use of a helper plasmid. Transformation frequencies employing the constructs are enhanced 100-fold or higher over that transformation frequency obtained using other than the herein described constructs.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/826,523, filed Apr. 19, 2004 entitled “Methods and Compositions for Transposition Using Minimal Segments of the Eukaryotic Transformation Vector PiggyBac,”, now which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/001,189, filed Oct. 30, 2001, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,810 on Nov. 8, 2005, entitled “Methods and Compositions for Transposition Using Minimal Segments of the Eukaryotic Transformation Vector PiggyBac,” filed Oct. 30, 2001, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/244,984, filed Nov. 1, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/244,667, filed on Oct. 31, 2000. The entire disclosure and contents of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF A SEQUENCE LISTING

The sequence listing contained in the file “21395-6_2018-05-07_sequence-listing.txt” created on May 7, 2018 and having a file size of 230,681 bytes and which contains SEQ ID NOs. 1-190 for the current application U.S. Ser. No. 11/454,947 filed on Jun. 19, 2006 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST STATEMENT

The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to USDA/NRI Grant 96-35302-3796, NIH-NIAID 1RO1AI40960, NIH/NIAID 1RO1AI48561, and NIH AI48561.

BACKGROUND

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to transposable elements, and more particularly to the transposon piggybac.

Related Art

Transposable elements (transposons) can move around a genome of a cell and are useful for inserting genes for the production of transgenic organisms. The Lepidopteran transposon piggyBac is capable of moving within the genomes of a wide variety of species, and is gaining prominence as a useful gene transduction vector. The transposon structure includes a complex repeat configuration consisting of an internal repeat (IR), a spacer, and a terminal repeat (TR) at both ends, and a single open reading frame encoding a transposase.

The Lepidopteran transposable element piggyBac was originally isolated from the TN-368 Trichoplusia ni cell culture as a gene disrupting insertion within spontaneous baculovirus plaque morphology mutants. PiggyBac is a 2475 bp short inverted repeat element that has an asymmetric terminal repeat structure with a 3-bp spacer between the 5′ 13-bp TR (terminal repeat) and the 19-bp IR (internal repeat), and a 31-bp spacer between the 3′ TR and IR. The single 2.1 kb open reading frame encodes a functional transposase (Cary et al., 1989; Fraser et al., 1983, 1995; Elick et al., 1996a; Lobo et al., 1999; Handler et al., 1998).

PiggyBac transposes via a unique cut-and-paste mechanism, inserting exclusively at 5′ TTAA 3′ target sites that are duplicated upon insertion, and excising precisely, leaving no footprint (Elick et al., 1996b; Fraser et al., 1996; Wang and Fraser 1993).

Transient excision and interplasmid transposition assays have verified movement of this element in the SF21AE Spodoptera frugiperda cell line, and embryos of the Lepidopteran Pectinophora glossypiella, Bombyx mori, and T. ni, as well as the Dipteran species Drosophila melanogaster, Aedes aegypti, Aedes triseriatus, Aedes albopictus. Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles gambiae. There is also evidence of transposition in the Cos-7 primate cell line, and embryos of the zebra fish, Danio rerio (Fraser et al., 1995; Buck et al., 1996b; Fraser et ai, 1996; Elick et al, 1997; Thibault et al, 1999; Tamura et al, 2000; Lobo et al, 1999).

The piggyBac element has been used successfully as a helper-dependent gene transfer vector in a wide variety of insect species, including the Mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata, D. melanogaster, Bombyx mori, P. glossypiella, Tribollium casteneum, and Ae. aegypti (Handler et al, 1998, 1999; Tamura et al, 2000; Berghammer et al, 1999).

Excision assays using both wildtype and mutagenized piggyBac terminal sequences demonstrated that the element does not discriminate between proximal or distal duplicated ends, and suggest that the transposase does not first recognize an internal binding site and then scan towards the ends. In addition, mutagenesis of the terminal trinucleotides or the terminal-proximate three bases of the TTAA target sequence eliminates excision at the altered terminus (Elick et al., 1996b).

Although the reported piggyBac vector is useful, length of genes that could be transferred is limited by the size of the other components of the vector. Minimizing the length of the vector to allow more room for the genetic material to be transferred would improve the versatility of the system and reduce costs of preparing synthetic vectors. Previously, the gene to be expressed or transduced was inserted into the middle of the piggyBac transposon in the plasmid p3E1.2. The final construct included the entire length of the piggyBac transposon (2475 bases) and flanking sequences derived from the baculovirus 25K gene region of approximately 813 bases, as well as the plasmid pUC backbone of 2686 bp, and an overall size of approximately 5962 bp. In cloning sequences into the pUC vector, 12 bp of multiple cloning sites DNA was lost. This size limited the effective size of genes that may be inserted, because plasmids larger than 10 KB are generally more difficult to construct, maintain, and transduce into host genomes.

Another problem was that previous cloning regimens involved the excision of a gene, the promoter controlling the gene, and polyadenylation signals, from one plasmid followed by insertion into the piggyBac transfer vector. This procedure was often complicated by the lack of suitable restriction enzyme sites for these manipulations.

SUMMARY

The present invention identifies the specific sequences in a mobile genetic element, the transposon piggyBac, and sequence configurations outside of piggyBac, that are minimally required for full functionality of the sequence as a transposon. Inserting DNA molecules into cells is enhanced using the methods and compositions of the present invention.

The present invention solves problems in use of the piggyBac vector for gene transfer caused by lack of suitable restriction sites to cut the components needed for gene transfer, and limitations on the sizes (lengths) of genes transferred by use of this vector. Methods and compositions of the present invention enlarge the size of the gene that may be transferred in two ways. First, a minimal sequence cartridge may be easily amplified using primers containing desired restriction endonuclease sites, and the cartridge may then be inserted into any plasmid containing the gene with its attendant promoter and polyadenylation signals intact, converting that plasmid into a piggyBac transposon. Second, a multiple cloning site may be inserted into a minimal plasmid vector, facilitating the insertion of genes in this more traditional plasmid vector. The vectors may both be used for applications including producing transgenic organisms, both plants and animals. The present invention has been successful in exemplary transpositions using the primate Cos-7 vertebrate cell line and embryos of the zebra fish, Danio rerio, among others.

Methods and compositions are disclosed herein for transferring genes using the minimum internal and external sequences of the transformation vector piggyBac In an embodiment of the invention, all non-essential sequences are removed, including the bulk of the piggyBac internal domain and the flanking baculovirus sequences. By means of the minimal piggyBac cartridge, a DNA molecule may be transferred from a plasmid into a host cell.

In one aspect, the invention provides a DNA molecule that in some embodiments comprises at least 163 consecutive nucleotide base pairs of the 3′ terminal region beginning at the 3′ terminal base pair, and at least 125 consecutive nucleotide base pairs of the 5′ terminal region beginning at the 5′ terminal base pair of the piggyBac molecule, the region extending from the restriction site SacI to the end of the piggyBac molecule.

In another aspect, the invention comprises a genetic cartridge designated ITR.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a genetic cartridge designated ITR1.1k.

According to another aspect, the invention provides a vector. In some embodiments, the vector is designated pXL-Bac as shown in FIG. 3. In other embodiments, the vector is designated pXL-BacII-ECFP as shown in FIG. 24 D. In yet additional embodiments, the vector is designated pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP as shown in FIG. 24 C.

In other aspects, the invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence comprises a minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs (a minimal sequence component) having a sequence that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of a 5′ terminal region of a piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence, and a longer sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs (a longer sequence component) that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of a 3′ terminal region of a piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence of a 5′ terminal region of the piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence is a sequence of nucleotide base pairs that is about 50 to about 80 base pairs in length, or is about 60 to about 70 base pairs in length, or is 66 base pairs in length. In other embodiments, the minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs is defined as comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence that is the sequence at nucleotide positions 36 to 100 of the native piggyBac nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the longer sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs from the 3′ terminal region of the piggyBac nucleic acid sequence is about 125 to about 450 base pairs in length, or about 200 to about 400 base pairs in length, or about 300 to about 380 base pairs in length, or about 311, 350, or 378 base pairs in length. In some embodiments, the longer sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs is defined as comprising a nucleic acid sequence that is homologous to a nucleic acid sequence that is the sequence at nucleotide positions 2031 to 2409 of the native piggyBac sequence.

The homology that the minimal sequence component and the longer sequence component have with the referenced native piggyBac nucleic acid sequence as defined herein is a degree of homology that is sufficient to produce a functionally equivalent activity that is equal or substantially equal to the native piggyBac nucleic acid sequence. Homology may also be described relative to the percent (%) similarity that the minimal sequence component or the longer sequence component has to the referenced native piggyBac nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the homology may be 40% or more, 45% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or even up to 100% homology with the nucleic acid sequence of the corresponding native piggyBac sequence.

In some embodiments, the DNA molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a phenotypic marker.

In some embodiments, the DNA molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a spacer sequence of interest. The spacer sequence may comprise a sequence of any desired length, and in some embodiments, may be described by the term, “stuffer”. This “stuffer” may comprise a nucleic acid sequence of about 10 to about 1000 base pairs, or about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, or even 1000 base pairs or more. In yet other embodiments, the DNA molecule comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a molecule of interest, such as a protein, peptide, or a synthetic or non-synthetic, organic, inorganic, or other type of molecule.

In another aspect, the invention provides a plasmid comprising a nucleic acid sequence of a DNA molecule having the minimal nucleotide sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs from the 5′ terminal region of the piggyBac nucleic acid sequence and the longer nucleotide sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs from the 3′ terminal region of the piggyBac nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments the nucleic acid molecule may comprise a nucleic acid sequence comprising one or more than one minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs substantially homologous to a 5′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence, one or more than one longer nucleotide sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs substantially homologous to a 3′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence, or any combination thereof and in any desired construct arrangement. By way of example and not limitation, one embodiment of such a nucleic acid molecule may comprise a first minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs substantially homologous to a 5′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence, adjacent to a longer nucleotide sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs substantially similar to a 3′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence, and a second minimal sequence of consecutive nucleotide base pairs substantially homologous to a 5′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, this and any other of the constructs of the present invention may include 1 or more of the small repeat sequences, such as the -CAAAAT- or ACTTATT- small repeat sequences.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a plasmid designated pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP.

In other embodiments, the invention provides a plasmid designated pCaSpeR-hs-orf.

In still other embodiments, the invention provides a plasmid p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP (FIG. 29A).

In other embodiments, the invention provides a plasmid pBSII-3xP3-ECFP.

In yet other embodiments, the invention provides a plasmid designated pBSII-ECFP-R4/L. In particular of these embodiments, the plasmid is pBSII-ECFP-R4/L₂, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L₃, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L₄, or pBSII-ECFP-R4/L₅ (FIG. 27).

Another broad aspect of the invention provides a method for providing high frequency transformation of an insect genome using a vector comprising the minimal 5′ terminal region and longer 3′ terminal region sequence of a piggyBac sequence, in the presence of a helper plasmid. In some embodiments, the vector further comprises a small terminal repeat sequence, CAAAAT. In particular embodiments, the helper plasmid is a plasmid pCaSpeR-hs-orf.

In some embodiments, the insect genome is further described as that of an insect. In some embodiments, the insect is a mosquito.

In some embodiments, the method of high frequency transformation may be described as providing a frequency of transformation that is enhanced 100-fold or higher, than transformation frequency employing a vector other that the minimal 5′, longer 3′ terminal end piggyBac constructs described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides a transformed cell transformed with a transformation vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence that includes a minimal sequence component homologous to a 5′terminal region of a piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence and a longer sequence component homologous to a 3′ terminal region of a piggyBac native nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the transformed cell is an insect cell, such as Drosophila melanogaster.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a p3E1.2 deletion series of plasmids and excision assay results; the p3E1.2 plasmid was used to make progressive deletions using the restriction endonuclease ExoIII; three of the maximum deletion plasmids, p3E1.2-d-7, p3E1.2-d-8 and p3E1.2-d-9, were used to perform excision assays in T. ni embryos; p3E1.2d-7 and p3E1.2-d-8 plasmids retained the complete 3′ terminal repeat configurations and were characterized by a similar excision frequency as the intact p3E1.2 plasmid; however, p3E1.2-d-9 did not yield any excision events, and sequencing results show that its 3′ IR and part of the 31 bp spacer sequence are deleted;

FIG. 2A-2C(2). 2A shows the pIAO-P/L insertion series of plasmids and presents interplasmid transposition assay results: (A) lists the pIAO-P/L series of plasmids' insertion sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 35-39) and their interplasmid transposition assay (IPTA) frequencies are shown; all the pIAO-P/L insertion plasmids were co-injected with the piggyBac helper plasmid, phspBac, and the target plasmid, pGDV1, into T. ni embryos to perform an interplasmid transposition assay; the results show that when the insertion sequence is less than 40 bp, the transposition frequency drops dramatically; 2B is a schematic representation of the pIAO-P/L series plasmids; the piggyBac sequence was PCR amplified from a p3E1.2B/X plasmid, polhlacZ is from a pD2/-gal DraI/NruI fragment and AMP/ori was PCR amplified from a pUC18 plasmid; and (C1), including 2(C1) and 2(C1)a to 2(C1)j, is the nucleotide sequence of pIAO-P/L (SEQ ID NO: 57) and the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 58, 142-126, 59, 144-143, 60, 153-145, 61 & 62) (C2), including 2(C2) and 2(C2)a to 2(C2)q, is the nucleotide sequence of pIAO-P/L-Lambda (2.2 kb) (SEQ ID NO: 63) and the amino acid sequences (SEQ ID NOS 58, 142-126, 59, 144-143, 60, 153-145, 61, 157-154, 64, 190-158, 65 & 66);

FIG. 3A-3C(2) represent a schematic representation of an ITR cartridge and pXL-Bac minimum piggyBac vectors; 3A the ITR cartridge may be amplified from the pIAO-P/L-589 bp plasmid using an IR-specific primer; the amplified ITR may convert any existing plasmid into a piggyBac transposon, which may be mobilized if provided with the piggyBac transposase; 3B is a map of the pXL-Bac plasmid (MCS=multiple cloning site, BamHI or BssHII are restriction sites; 3C1 the ITR cartridge nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40); and 3C2 is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 41) of pXL-Bac;

FIG. 4 is a restriction map of plasmid pCaSpeR-hs-orf (p32), containing a 2016 bp PCR BamHI fragment containing piggyBac transposase and its terminator, cloned into BamHI sites of pCaSpeR-hs;

FIG. 5A-5B. 5A is a plasmid map showing the piggyBac ORF was amplified as a BamHI cartridge from the p3E1.2 plasmid and cloned into pCaSpeR-hs plasmid, positioning it for transcriptional control by the hsp70 promoter; 5B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 42) of pCaSpeR-hs-orf;

FIG. 6A-6B. 6A is a plasmid map showing that the piggyBac ORF BamHI cartridge from pCaSpeR-hs-orf was cloned into the pBSII (Stratagene) positioning it for transcription under control of the T7 promoter to form pBSII-IFP2orf; 6B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 43) of pBSII-IFP2-orf;

FIG. 7 is a plasmid map showing that the hsp70 promoter was excised from the pCaSpeR-hs plasmid by EcoR I and EcoR V digestion, followed by blunt ending, and cloned into pBSII-IFP2orf at the EcoR I and Hind III (blunt ended) sites to form pBSII-hs-orf (SEQ ID NO: 42);

FIG. 8A-8B. 8A is a plasmid map showing that the IE1 promoter was PCR amplified from the pIE1FB plasmid (Jarvis et al., 1990) and cloned into the pBSII-IFP2orf

plasmid to form pBSII-IE1-orf; 8B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 44) of pBSII-IE1-orf;

FIG. 9A-9B. 9A is a plasmid map showing that the base plasmid is pDsRed1-N1 (Clontech). The 3xP3 promoter was PCR amplified from pBac [3xP3-EYFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Xho I and EcoR I sites of pDsRed1-N1 to form the p3xP3-DsRed plasmid. The piggyBac ORF BamHI cartridge from pCaSpeR-hs-orf was then cloned into the BglII site of p3xP3 DsRed positioning it under control of the CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter to form p3xP3-DsRed-orf; 9B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 45) of p3xP3-DsRed-orf. DsRed is a marker from Invitrogen and 3xP3 is a promoter specific for eyes of insects;

FIG. 10A-10B. 10A is a plasmid map showing that the ITR cartridge was PCR amplified as a BamHI fragment using a piggyBac internal repeat specific primer (5′-GGATCCCATGCGTCAATTTTACGCA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 1) and pIAO-P/L-589 bp plasmid as a template, and cloned into the pCRII plasmid (Invitrogen) to form the pCRII-ITR plasmid; 10B is the nucleotide sequence of pCRII-ITR (SEQ ID NO: 46) and the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 47);

FIG. 11 is a plasmid map showing that the ITR BamHI cartridge was recovered from the pCRII-ITR plasmid and religated, then cut with BssHII and cloned into the BssHII sites of the pBSII plasmid (Stratagene) to form pBS-ITR (rev) plasmid. The Multiple Cloning Sites were PCR amplified as a BglII fragment from the pBSII plasmid and were cloned into the BamHI site to the pXL-Bac plasmid;

FIGS. 12 and 12B. 12 is a plasmid map showing that the P element enhancer trap plasmid pP {PZ} (from Dr. O'Tousa, Univ. of Notre Dame) was digested with Hind III then self-ligated to produce the p(PZ)-HindIII plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised using Sal I and Not I (blunt-ended) from pCRII-ITR and then cloned into the blunt ended Hind III site to form p(PZ)-Bac. The 3xP3-EYFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-EYFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of p(PZ)-Bac plasmid to form the p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid; 12B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 48) of p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP;

FIG. 13A-13B. 13A is a plasmid map showing that the P element enhancer trap plasmid pP{PZ} (from Dr. O'Tousa, Univ. of Notre Dame) was digested with HindIII then self-ligated to produce the p(PZ−)-HindIII plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised using Sal I and Not I (blunt ended) from pCRII-ITR and then cloned into the blunt ended Hind III site to form p(PZ)-Bac. The 3xP3-ECFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-ECFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the p(PZ)-Bac plasmid to form the p(PZ)-Bac-ECFP plasmid; 13B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 49) of p(PZ)-Bac-ECFP;

FIG. 14A-14B. 14A is a plasmid map showing that the P element enhancer trap plasmid pP{PZ} (from Dr. O'Tousa, Univ. of Notre Dame) was digested with Hind III then self-ligated to produce the p(PZ)-HindIII plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised using Sal I and Not I (blunt ended) from pCRII-ITR and then cloned into the blunt ended HindIII site to form p(PZ)-Bac. The 3xP3-EGFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-EGFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the p(PZ)-Bac plasmid to form the p(PZ)-Bac-EGFP plasmid; 14B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50) of p(PZ)-Bac-EGFP;

FIG. 15A-15B. 15A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-EYFP gene was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac [3xP3-EYFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pXL-Bac plasmid to form the pXL-Bac-EYFP plasmid; 15B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 51) of pXL-Bac-EYFP;

FIG. 16A 16B. 16A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-EGFP gene was PGR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac [3xP3-EGFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pXL-Bac plasmid to form the pXL-Bac-EGFP plasmid; 16B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 52) of pXL-Bac-EGFP;

FIG. 17A-17B. 17A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-ECFP gene was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac [3xP3-ECFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pXL-Bac plasmid to form the pXL-Bac-ECFP plasmid; 17B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 53) of pXL-Bac-ECFP;

FIG. 18A-18B. 18A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-ECFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-ECFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pBS-ITR plasmid to form the pBS-ITR-ECFP plasmid; 18B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 54) of pBS-ITR-ECFP;

FIG. 19A-19B. 19A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-EGFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-EGFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pBS-ITR plasmid to form the pBS-ITR-EGFP plasmid; 19B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 55) of pBS-ITR-EGFP;

FIG. 20A-20B. 20A is a plasmid map showing that the 3xP3-EYFP was PCR amplified as an Spe I fragment from pBac[3xP3-EYFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) and cloned into the Spe I site of the pBS-ITR plasmid to form the pBS-ITR-EYFP plasmid; 20B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 56) of pBS-ITR-EYFP;

FIG. 21A-21B. 21A is a plasmid map showing that the Actin 5c promoter was cloned as a BamHI and Eco I fragment (bases 3046 to 3055 of SEQ ID NO: 67) from the pHAct5cEFGP plasmid (from Dr. Atkinson, UC Riverside) into the BamHI and EcoRI sites of the pBSII plasmid (Stratagene) to form the pBSII-Act5c-orf plasmid. The piggyBac ORF BamHI cartridge from pCaSpeR-hs-orf was then cloned into pBSII-Act5c plasmid under control of the Act5c promoter; 21B is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 67) of pBSII-Act5c-orf;

FIG. 22 is the nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 68) of pCaSpeR-hs-pBac;

FIG. 23 is a comparison of natural and optimized piggyBac nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NOS: 69 and 70) wherein “optimizing” means using codons specific for insects;

FIG. 24A-24D. 24A shows the construction of plasmids developed in the present work. 24A shows a diagram of the pCaSpeR-hs-orf helper used for the transformation assays. The piggyBac cassette was cloned as a PCR product into the BamH I site of the pCaSpeR-hs adjacent to the hsp70 promoter. 24B shows a diagram of the p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP construct demonstrating the inefficiency of the ITR cartridge. (Li et al., 2001b) for transformation. A 7 kb Hind III fragment containing LacZ, hsp70 and Kan/ori sequences was excised from plasmid p(pz0 (Rubin and Spradling, 1983), and ligated to form a p(PZ)-7 kb intermediate plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised from pBSII-ITR (Li et al., 2001b) using Not I and Sal I, blunt ended, and inserted into the blunt end Hind III site of the p(PZ)-7 kb plasmid. A 3xP3-EYFP Spe I fragment excised from pBac {3xP3-EYFPafm}(Hormn and Wimmer, 2000) was then inserted into the Xba I site to form p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP. 24C shows a diagram of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP minimal piggyBac vector constructed by PCR amplification from the pIAO-P/L 589 plasmid (Li et al., 2001b), which contains a minimum piggyBac cartridge with inverted 5′ and 3′ TRDs separated by a 589 bp λ DNA spacer sequence, and incorporate additional subterminal ID sequences necessary for efficient transformation. This construct is tagged by the addition of the 3xP3-ECFP marker gene excised as a SpeI fragment from the plasmid pBac {3xP3-ECFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000). 24D shows a diagram of the piggyBac minimal vector pXL-BacII-ECFP, constructed from the pBSII-ITR1.1k plasmid essentially as previously described (Li et al., 2001b), with the addition of the 3xP3-ECFP SpeI fragment from pBac {3xP3-ECFPafm}.

FIG. 25 shows a schematic illustration f TRD and adjacent ID regions present in plasmids and synthetic piggyBac internal deletion series constructs tested for transformation efficiency. The plasmids p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP and all pBSII-ECFP synthetic deletions are based on sequences amplified from the pIAO-P/L-589 construct of Li et al. (2001b). All plasmids have the 35 bp 5′ TRD and 63 bp 3′ TRD, and include variable lengths of 5′ and 3′ adjacent ID sequence. The relative transformation frequency for each plasmid is listed to the right for convenience.

FIG. 26A-26B shows a direct PGR analysis of transformed flies. 26A shows a diagram of a generalized synthetic deletion construct indication the position of primers and expected fragment. Three sets of PGR primers were used to verify to piggyBac insertion. The first primer set (IFP2_R1+MF34) detects the 3′ terminal region (115 bp), the second primer set (IFP2_L+MF34) detects the 3′ terminal region (240 bp), and the third primer set (IFP2_R1+IFP2_L) detects the presence of the external spacer sequence (945 bp). 26B shows the direct PGR results, a.) the first primer set yields a 115 bp fragment in all transformed strains confirming the 5″ terminal region. A less effectively amplified 115 bp fragment is also evident in the vv1118 strain, reflecting the probable presence of piggyBac-like sequences in the D. melanogaster genome, b.) The second primer set yields the expected 240 bp fragment in all transformed strains confirming the 3′ terminal region, while this fragment is absent in the w′118 strain, c.) The external spacer primer set failed to amplify a sequence in any of the transformed strains or the control w1118.

FIG. 27A-27B shows Southern hybridization analysis of synthetic deletion plasmid transformed strains. Genomic DNAs from selected strain and the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid control were digested with Hind III and hybridized to the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid probe. 27A provides a map of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid showing the size of expected diagnostic fragments. 27B shows all transformed strains exhibit the two diagnostic bands (2.9 kb and 1.16 kb) and at least two additional bands reflecting the piggyBac terminal adjacent sequences at the site of integration. A weak 1.3 kb band was also observed in all strains that probably represent a piggyBac-like sequence in the w1118 genome. The reduced intensity of the two additional bands representing joining sequences between the piggyBac termini and adjacent genomic DNA in each of the transformed strains is likely due to weaker hybridization of the 200 to 300 bp of AT rich sequences of this region of the probe.

FIG. 28 shows a schematic illustration of the locations of the two short repeat sequence motifs identified in the TRD adjacent ID sequences of piggyBac Several of these repeat motifs are within regions between R and R1, or L and L2, which appear to be the critical regions based on the present transformation results. These repeats are also found in other positions of the piggyBac ID sequence.

FIG. 29A-29B show a Southern hybridization analysis of the single p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP transformant. Genomic DNA from the p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP strain and the w¹¹¹⁸ white-eye strain were digested with Sal I, with a SalI digest of the p(PZ) plasmid serving as control. The probe was PCR amplified from p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP using the primers 3xP3_for and M13_For. 29A shows a map of the p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid illustrating the position of Sal I sites, the region used as the probe, and expected size (3.6 kb) for the diagnostic hybridization fragment. 29B shows the two p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP transgenic sublines (lane 2 and 3) exhibit the diagnostic 3.6 kb band and two additional bands representing junction fragments containing genomic sequences and piggyBac ends at the single insertion site.

FIG. 30 shows an identified point mutation in the 3′ internal repeat sequence. A point mutation was discovered in the 19 bp internal repeat sequence (IR) of the 3′ TRD in all

of the constructs derived from the pIAO-P/L 589 plasmid (Li et al., 2001b). This nucleotide

substitution from C to A (bold and underlined) had no apparent effect on the transposition frequency of any of these constructs relative to the pBac{3xP3-EYFP} control plasmid (SEQ ID NOS 71 & 72 are disclosed respectively in order of appearance).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is advantageous to define several terms before describing the invention. It should be appreciated that the following definitions are used throughout this application.

Definitions

Where the definition of terms departs from the commonly used meaning of the term, applicant intends to utilize the definitions provided below, unless specifically indicated.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “genetic construct” refers to any artificially assembled combination of DNA sequences.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “helper construct” refers to any plasmid construction that generates the piggyBac transposase gene product upon transfection of cells or injection of embryos.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “ID region” or “ID regions” relates to a nucleic acid sequence that is derived from the native piggyBac sequence.

For purposes of the present invention, the term, “long” or “longer” as it refers to the length of a 3′ terminal region of a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence is defined as a sequence that includes 250 base pairs (bp) or more, 300 bp or more, 350 bp or more, 375 or more, or 400 bp or more.

For purposes of the present invention, term “native” refers to any sequence defined as or recognized to be functionally or otherwise homologous to a piggyBac nucleic acid sequence or amino acid sequence in any species, including but not limited to humans, zebra fish, mosquitoes, Drosophila melanogaster, invertebrate.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “plasmid” refers to any self-replicating extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule capable of maintaining itself in bacteria.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “spacer” refers to sequences, for example from about 3 bp to about 31 bp or more in length, separating the 5′ and 3′ (respectively) terminal repeat and internal repeat sequences of the piggyBac transposon.

For purposes of the present invention, the term “substantially homologous” is defined as a nucleic acid sequence that has or is able to elicit the same or substantially similar function activity of a native piggyBac sequence.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “transgenic organism” refers to an organism that has been altered by the addition of foreign DNA sequences to its genome.

For the purposes of the present invention, the term “vector” refers to any plasmid containing piggyBac ends that is capable of moving foreign sequences into the genomes of a target organism or cell.

Description

The minimal sequence cartridges of the present invention facilitate transposition of DNA molecules of interest into cells, and production of transgenic organisms that include the transferred DNA molecule in some or all of their cells. A DNA molecule(s) is excised from a genetic (transformation) construct, and is transferred to a cell where it is inserted into the cell's genome. The DNA molecule is accompanied by regulatory elements sufficient to allow its expression in the host cell. “Cell” as used herein includes eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The genetic transposition construct includes a DNA molecule to be transferred flanked by a pair of transposon terminal inverted repeat nucleotide sequences from the piggyBac transposon. The DNA molecule to be transferred may be any molecule capable of being expressed in a host cell and/or transgenic organism. The method would also transfer cells not able to be expressed.

In the present invention, excision (Elick et al., 1996b) and interplasmid transposition assays (Lobo et al., 1999) were used to determine the relative importance of sequences internal to, or external to, the terminal repeat (TR) and internal repeat (IR) sequence configurations for movement of the piggyBac element.

It was found that progressive deletions within the internal sequence of the element have no noticeable effect on either excision or transposition capabilities. In contrast, deletion of the 3′ IR eliminated excision of the element. Construction of vectors having only intact 5′ and 3′ repeat domains regenerates mobility of the plasmids when supplied with a helper vector expressing a transposase. These features permitted construction of a set of minimal vectors for use in transformation experiments.

The length of the intervening sequence between piggyBac termini in the donor plasmid also affects the piggyBac transposition frequency. In an embodiment of the present invention, a minimal distance of 55 nucleotide base pairs (bp) may be used between target sites and termini to provide for movement of the element. This suggests that the piggyBac transposase binds the termini simultaneously before any cleavage may occur, and/or that the formation of the transposition complex requires DNA bending between the two termini.

An aspect of this invention is that it allows the design of minimally sized genetic vectors that are functional for efficient insertion of genes into host genomes, in particular animal, plant, and insect genomes.

Useful Plasmids Created are:

A) A Transposition PiggyBac ITR Cartridge Plasmid: PCR amplifications and restriction endonuclease cleavage and ligation allowed insertion of a 702 bp fragment containing sequences for piggyBac mobility into any given plasmid of choice, converting the recipient plasmid into an operational transposable sequence capable of being mobilized into an animal genome using the piggyBac transposase gene or purified protein. The pCRII (Invitrogen) plasmid re-amplification using specified primers allows this ITR cartridge to be inserted into any plasmid.

B) Operational Transposable Vectors (pXO and pXL-Bac): Standard restriction endonuclease cleavage and ligation allows insertion of any gene of choice between the minimal sequences of the piggyBac transposon necessary for transposition into the genome of an animal. The total size of the resulting plasmid is preferably not larger than 10 kb.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the inverted repeat configuration indicated as [TTAA/TR/IR . . . IR/31bp/TR/TTAA] may be utilized to obtain a piggyBac transposon. This observation was arrived at through structured deletion mutagenesis within the piggyBac transposon sequence and examining the properties of both excision and interplasmid transposition of the deleted product.

Additionally, according to an embodiment of the present invention, an insertion sequence between the target site on a plasmid having the terminal repeat configuration [IR/31bp/TR/TTAA . . . insertion sequence . . . TTAA/TR/IR] may be approximately 55 bp to achieve mobility.

For ease of manipulation, a cartridge having the configuration [IR/31bp/TR/TTAA . . . 589 . . . TTAA/TR/IR] which may be inserted within a plasmid, converting that plasmid into a functional piggyBac transposon, was constructed. The cartridge was cloned into the plasmid pCRII (Invitrogen). A cartridge is defined herein as a nucleic acid molecule of a specified construction (plasmid) that may be inserted into a vector.

A cartridge was derived from circularization of the construct A and cutting the construct A with BssHII to cleave at a unique BssHII site within the 589 bp spacer. This yielded a fragment BssHII . . . TTAA/TR/31b/IR/BamHI/IR/TR/TTAA . . . . BssHII. Construct B was derived from a pBSII (Stratagene) plasmid by BssHII deletion of the multiple cloning site (MCS). The linearized fragment was then inserted into the pBSIIªBssHII backbone. An MCS primer was synthesized and inserted in the BamHI site.

Construct A allows ease of construction of genetic vectors through use of a simple 702 bp cartridge that may be inserted into any existing plasmid to convert it immediately into a functional transposon.

Construct B allows ease of insertion of any genetic sequence into a plasmid having the minimal terminal sequence requirement for piggyBac mobility. The advantage of this construct is it provides a minimal backbone cloning vector for piggyBac transposon construction.

A kit is contemplated that would contain the two vector constructs along with the original p3E1.2, and/or a helper construct allowing constitutive production of piggyBac transposase in virtually any animal system. Promoter driven expression of the piggyBac transposase using either RSV LTR sequences CMV early promoter, AcMNPV/IE-1 promoter of poly-ubiquitin promoter, among others, is also contemplated.

Excision assays of plasmids containing progressive deletions of the piggyBac internal sequence revealed that the 5′, and 3′ IR, spacer, and TR configurations are sufficient for piggyBac movement when provided with a transposase in the trans position. Interplasmid transposition assays of plasmids having different sequence lengths between the target sites demonstrated a minimal 55 bp intervening sequence provides for satisfactory piggyBac transposition, whereas lengths less than 40 bp result in dramatic decreases in frequency of transpositions. These results suggest that the piggyBac transposase binds the termini simultaneously before cleavage, and/or that the formation of the transposition complex requires DNA bending between the two termini. Based on these results, a 702 bp cartridge having a minimum piggyBac 5′ and 3′ terminal region configuration and intervening sequence was constructed. The ability of this region to convert any existing plasmid into a non-autonomous piggyBac transposon was verified. A minimal piggyBac vector, pXL-Bac, that contains an internal multiple cloning site sequence between the terminal regions, was also constructed. These vectors facilitate manipulations of the piggyBac transposon for use in a wide variety of hosts.

The excision assay provides a rapid way to characterize essential sequences involved in piggyBac transposition. The p3E1.2-d-7 and p3E1.2-d-8 plasmids, which retain the entire 3′ and 5′ IR, spacer and TR sequences, exhibit precise excision. In contrast, the p3E1.2-d-9 plasmid that retains the entire 5′ terminal region and only 36 bp of the 3′ terminal domain, including the TR and a portion of the 31 bp spacer, does not excise at a detectable frequency. The requirement for an internal 3′ IR sequence in the excision process suggests that the IR region might play an essential role in transposase recognition or cleavage of the target site.

An alternative explanation is that simply shortening the internal sequence may hinder the formation of a transposition complex, or the binding of transposase to two termini simultaneously. A similar result is observed with the IS5O elements for which the lengthening of Tn5 internal sequences increases the transposition frequency (Goryshin et al., 1994). However, insertion of a KOα fragment into the p3E1.2-d-9 at the SphI site did not improve the frequency of precise excision events recovered in the excision assay, suggesting that the length of the internal domain is less important than the presence of an intact IR sequence in excision of the piggyBac element.

The interplasmid transposition assays of pIAO-P/L series plasmids demonstrate that when the external sequence separating the terminal repeats is at least 55 bp, the transposition frequency is over 10⁻⁴, while reducing the length to less than 40 bp depresses the frequency of transposition. The inhibition of piggyBac transposition as terminal sequences are brought closer together, suggests that formation of a transposition complex likely precedes DNA cleavage or nicking, and the shorter distances between these termini do not allow proper bending of the sequences to permit formation of the complex, or result in steric hindrance of transposase binding at the termini.

These results also imply a necessity for transposase binding of both termini simultaneously before any cleavage (or nicking) may occur. If the simultaneous binding were not necessary, then the transposase could bind one terminal repeat, cleave it, and then bind the second to cleave, and transposition should occur with equivalent frequencies even with smaller intervening sequences.

Interplasmid transposition assays using pCRII-ITR (FIG. 10) verify that the terminal configuration IR, spacer, TR are the minimum sequence requirements for efficient piggyBac transposition. The rest of the piggyBac internal sequence is not required if transposase is provided in trans configuration. With the ITR fragment, a minimum piggyBac vector may easily be constructed from any plasmid which reduces vector size and leaves maximum space for desired foreign genes.

Inserting the ITR fragment into pBlueScript II (Stratagene), converts the plasmid into a transposable element that moves with a frequency similar to the intact piggyBac element. This ITR cartridge facilitates the construction of piggyBac transformation vectors from existing plasmids. In addition, the co-integration of the Amp/ori sequences from the donor plasmid into the genome provides an easy way to locate the insertion site because these insertions may be recovered by restriction enzyme digestion, relegation, and transformation. The pXL-Bac (FIG. 11) minimum piggyBac vector replaces the internal sequence of the piggyBac transposon with a multiple cloning site. This plasmid allows any desired foreign genes or sequences to be easily inserted between piggyBac termini for movement in the presence of a helper plasmid. These constructs provide useful tools for the examination and use of piggyBac as a gene transfer vector in a wide variety of organisms.

The following Biological Deposits have been made on the following dates with a recognized International Depository Authority (IDA), the American Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC), at 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., 20110-2209, U.S.A., in compliance with the guidelines set forth in the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure. All restrictions on the availability to the public of the materials deposited will be irrevocably removed upon granting of a patent. The deposits will be maintained for a period of 30 years from the date of deposit or for a period of five years after the date of the most recent request of a sample or the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is the longest. If a culture becomes non-viable, it will be replaced with a viable culture of the same kind.

Deposit Deposit Accession Type Name Number Deposit Date Plasmid pXL-BACII-ECFP ATCC Accession Jan. 12, 2006 # PTA-7310 Plasmid pBSII-ITR1.1k- ATCC Accession Jan. 12, 2006 ECFP # PTA-7311 Plasmid pBSII-EXFP- ATCC Accession May 14, 2015 R₄/L₂ # PTA-122185 Plasmid pBSII-ECFP- ATCC Accession May 14, 2015 R₄/L₃ # PTA-122183 Plasmid pBSII-ECFP- ATCC Accession May 14, 2015 R₄/L₄ # PTA-122184

The invention may now be advantageously described by reference to the following representative examples. These examples are in no way to be interpreted to limit the scope and/or description of any embodiment or method of making or using the invention, and are provided solely for illustrative purposes and for satisfaction of providing the best mode of practicing the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1—Excision Assay of p3E1.2 Internal Deletion Series in T. ni

The analysis was begun using three plasmids having the most extensive internal deletions, p3E1.2-d-9, p3E1.2-d-8 and p3E1.2-d-7. Sequencing of these three plasmids revealed that p3E1.2-d-8 and p3E1.2-d-7 retained 163 bp and 303 bp of the 3′ terminal region, respectively, including the IR, 31 bp spacer, and TR sequence. The p3E1.2-d-9 deletion plasmid retained only 36 bp of the 3′ terminal domain, including the 3′ TTAA target site, 3′ TR and a portion of the 31 bp spacer, but lacked the 3′ IR sequence.

Embryos of T. ni were injected with combinations of each of the p3E1.2 deletion plasmids and the phspBac helper plasmid. Loss of piggyBac sequences from the deletion series plasmids renders the plasmids resistant to BsiWI and SphI digestion. Transformation of Hirt extract DNAs digested with BsiWI and SphI were compared with transformations employing equal amounts of uncut DNA as a control to determine the frequency of excision. Precise excision events were initially identified by a quick size screen for the characteristic 3.5 kb plasmid in recovered colonies, and these plasmids were then sequenced to confirm the precise excision events.

A quick size screen method is used to quickly identify the plasmids with changed size directly from colonies (Sekar, 1987). Colonies at least 1 mm in diameter are picked up with pipette tips and resuspended in 10 ml protoplasting buffer (30 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM NaCl, 20% Sucrose 5 mM EDTA, 100 mg/ml RNase, 100 mg/ml Lysozyme) in the Lux 60 well mini culture plate. A 0.9% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide is preloaded with 4.5 ml lysis solution (80 mM Tris, 0.5% Sucrose, 0.04% Bromophenol Blue, 2% SDS, 2.5 mM EDTA) per well. The bacterial suspension is then loaded into the wells and the gel electrophoresed. Two kinds of markers are needed to distinguish the plasmids with changed size. One is the colony from the control plate or the original plasmid, another is a molecular weight marker. The plasmids with a difference of 500 bp or greater in size are easily distinguished. Both the p3E1.2-d-8 and p3E1.2-d-7 yielded precise excision events at about the same relative frequency, while no excision events were recovered with the maximum deletion plasmid p3E1.2-d-9 (FIG. 1).

Example 2—Minimal Distance Required Between Termini for Movement of a PiggyBac Transposon Construct

The interplasmid transposition assay was carried out essentially as previously described by Lobo et al. (1999), Thibault et al. (1999) and Sarkar et al. (1997a). Embryos were injected with a combination of 3 plasmids. The donor plasmid, pB(KOa), carried a piggyBac element marked with the kanamycin resistance gene, ColEl origin of replication, and the lacZ gene. The transposase providing helper plasmid, pCaSpeR-pB-orf, expressed the full length of the piggyBac ORF under the control of the D. melanogaster hsp70 promoter. The target B. subtilis plasmid, pGDV1, is incapable of replication in E. coli, and contains the chloramphenicol resistance gene. Upon transposition of the genetically tagged piggyBac element from pB(KOa) into the target plasmid pGDV1 with the help of the transposase provided by the helper pCaSpeR-pB-orf that expresses the piggyBac transposase protein from a minimal hsp70 promoter (see FIG. 4), only the interplasmid transposition product would be able to replicate in E. coli and produce blue colonies on LB/kan/cam/X-gal plates. Embryos were injected with a mixture of the transposase-providing helper plasmid, phspBac, one of the pIAO-P/L series plasmids as the donor, and the pGDV1 target plasmid. Transposition of the tagged piggyBac element from any of the pIAO-P/L plasmids into the target plasmid pGDV1 allows the recipient pGDV1 to replicate in E. coli and produces blue colonies on LB/Amp/Cam/X-gal plates.

A total of 10 blue colonies were randomly picked from each transformation and prepared for sequencing analysis. Initial sequence analysis of the terminal repeat junction showed that all of the sequenced clones had the distinctive duplication of a TTAA tetranucleotide target site, a characteristic feature of piggyBac transposition. A random set of those clones for which the 5′ terminus had been sequenced were also examined at their 3′ terminus to confirm the duplication of the TTAA site at both ends. The accumulated results confirmed transposon insertion at 12 of the 21 possible TTAA target sites in the pGDV1 plasmid, all of which were previously identified as insertion sites in Lepidopteran assays by Lobo et al. (1999) and Thibault et al. (1999).

The relative frequency at which a given pIAO-P/L series plasmid was able to undergo transposition into the target plasmid correlated with the sizes of the intervening sequence between the termini. With intervening sequences greater than 55 bp, the transposition frequency was over 1.2×10⁻⁴, which is consistent with the frequency obtained in previous assays with the p3E1.2 derived vectors by Lobo et al. (1999). If the length of the intervening sequence was reduced to 40 bp or less, the frequency of transposition began to decrease dramatically (FIG. 2).

Example 3—Interplasmid Transposition Assay of pCRII-ITR and pBSII-ITR Plasmids

According to an embodiment of the present invention, the excision assay described herein shows that a minimum of 163 bp of the 3′ terminal region and 125 bp of the 5′ terminal region (from the restriction site SacI to the end of the element) may be used for excision, while the pIAO-P/L constructs showed that a minimal distance of 55 bp between termini may be utilized to effect movement. These data suggested that the inclusion of intact left and right terminal and internal repeats and spacer domains would be sufficient for transposition.

The pCRII-ITR plasmid was constructed following PCR of the terminal domains from pIAO-P/L-589 using a single IR specific primer. A second construct pCRII-JFO3/04 was also prepared using two primers that annealed to the piggyBac 5′ and 3′ internal domains respectively, in case repeat proximate sequences were required.

The interplasmid transposition assay was performed in T. ni embryos and the plasmids were recovered using LB/Kan/Cam plates (Sambrook et al., 1989) with the controls plated on LB/Amp plates. A total of 10 randomly picked colonies were sequenced, and all were confirmed as resulting from transposition events, having the characteristic tetranucleotide TTAA duplication at the insertion sites. These insertion sites in pGDV1 were among the same previously described (Lobo et al., 1999 and Thibault et al., 1999). The sequencing results also confirmed that all 10 transposition events retained the expected terminal domain configurations. The frequency of transposition events was estimated at 2×10⁻⁴, a similar frequency to that obtained with non-mutagenized constructs for this species (Lobo et al., 1999).

Independent verification that the 702 bp PCR cloned fragment (ITR cartridge, FIG. 3(C1)) may be used as a cartridge to generate transpositionally competent plasmids was obtained by excising the BamHI fragment from pCRII-ITR, and ligating it into the pBlueScript II (Stratagene) plasmid to construct pBSII-ITR. Frequencies similar to those for the pCRII-ITR construct in the interplasmid transposition assay, were obtained.

Example 4—Construction of Minimum PiggyBac Vector pXL-Bac

A new piggyBac minimum vector pXL-Bac (FIG. 3(C2)) was also constructed by combining the 702 bp BamHI ITR fragment with the pBlueScript II BamHI fragment and inserting a PCR amplified pBSII multiple cloning site (MCS) between the terminal repeats. The pXL-Bac vector was tested by inserting an XbaI fragment from πKOα (obtained from A, Sarkar, University of Notre Dame), containing the Kanamycin resistance gene, E. coli replication origin, and Lac a-peptide, into the MCS of pXL-Bac to form pXL-Bac-KOa. Interplasmid transposition assays yielded a frequency of over 10⁻⁴ for transposition of the modified ITR sequence, a similar level as observed for the intact piggyBac element.

Example 5—Derivative Vectors of pXL-Bac

Using the pXL-Bac minimal vector, several derivative vectors may be constructed containing marker genes for detection of successful transformations. In one example, the vectors pXL-Bac-EYFP, pXL-Bac-EGFP, and pXL-Bac-ECFP (FIGS. 15-17) were assembled to contain the 3XP3 promoter driven fluorescent protein genes of Horn and Wimmer (2000) by PCR amplifying these sequences from their respective piggyBac vectors using the primers E*FP-for (5′ ACGACTAGTGTTCCCACAATGGTTAATTCG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 2) and E*FP-rev (5′ ACGACTAGTGCCGTACGCGTATCGATAAGC 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 3) each terminating in an SpeI restriction endonuclease site, and inserting these fragments into the SpeI digested pXL-Bac vector at the unique SpeI site of the multiple cloning site. Vectors constructed in this fashion allow detection of successful transformation by the pXL-Bac vector and may be further modified to include a separate gene of choice and suitable promoter adjacent to the marker gene in the multiple cloning site.

Example 6—Derivative Vectors of pCRII-ITR or pBSII-ITR

Similar modifications may be made to either the pCRII-ITR or the companion vector, pBSII-ITR, by inserting a marker gene into the plasmid adjacent to the ITR cartridge of these plasmids. In one example, the plasmids pBSII-ITR-ECFP, pBSII-ITR-EGFP, and pBSII-ITR-EYFP (FIGS. 18-20) were constructed using the strategy described in Example 5 to PRC amplify an SpeI fragment containing the marker genes from the Horn and Wimmer (2000) piggyBac vectors and insert them into the unique SpeI site of the pBSII-ITR plasmid.

Example 7—Facilitating Expression of the Transposase

Expression of the transposase is important in gaining movement of any of the vectors described herein. To facilitate expression of the transposase, a BamHI cartridge containing only the piggyBac open reading frame sequences was PCR amplified from the piggyBac transposon clone p3E1.2 using the primers BamH1E-for 1 (5′ GCTTGATAAGAAGAG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 4) and BamH1E-rev 1 (5′ GCATGTTGCTTGCTATT 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 5). This cartridge was then cloned into the pCaSpeR-hs vector at a unique BamHI site downstream of the Drosophila heat shock promoter (pCaSpeR-hs-orf) to effect heat shock induced expression of the piggyBac transposase following co-injection with any piggyBac vector.

Example 8—In Vitro Expression of mRNA of PiggyBac Transposase

In some eukaryotic systems, the heat shock promoter may not function to express the transposase protein. An additional plasmid was constructed to allow in vitro expression of the messenger RNA sequence of the piggyBac transposase. Co-injection of this mRNA into embryos along with the piggyBac vectors would allow translation of the piggyBac transposase without having to rely on the expression of the mRNA from a promoter which may or may not be active in the desired system. In addition, this strategy provides much more transposase protein in the embryos, leading to a greater mobility of the piggyBac vectors. The BamHI cartridge was excised from the plasmid pCaSpeR-hs-orf by restriction digestion with BamHI and ligated into a BamHI digested commercially available vector; pBSII (Stratagene) to make pBSII-IFP2orf (FIG. 6), allowing in vitro transcription of the piggyBac transposase mRNA under control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter.

Example 9—Alternative Promoters for the PiggyBac Transposase Gene

Further modification of pBSII-IFP2orf may be effected to introduce alternative promoters that would drive expression of the piggyBac transposase gene. Three examples are provided. pBSII-hs-orf (FIG. 7) was constructed by excising the heat shock promoter region from pCaSpeR-hs using EcoR I and EcoR V digestion followed by blunt end polishing of the EcoRI terminus, and ligating the fragment to the blunt end polished EcoRI/HindIII digested pBSII-IFP2orf plasmid. The plasmid pBSII-IE1-orf was prepared by PCR amplification of the IE1 promoter from the plasmid pIE1 FB using the primers IE1-Ac-for (5′ ACGTAAGCTTCGATGTCTTTGTGATGCGCC 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 6) and IE1-Ac-rev (5′ ACGGAATTCACTTGCAACTGAAACAATATCC 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 7) to generate an EcoRI/HindIII tailed fragment that was then inserted into EcoRI and HindIII digested pBSII-IFP2orf. This plasmid allows constitutive expression of the piggyBac transposase in a diversity of eukaryotic systems. A final demonstration was prepared by digesting the plasmid pHAct5cEGFP (Pinkerton et al., 2000) with BamHI and EcoRI to recover the Drosophila Actin 5c promoter which was then inserted into pBSII digested with EcoRI and BamHI. The BamHI cartridge from pCaSpeR-hs-orf was excised by digestion with BamHI and cloned downstream of the Actin 5c promoter at the unique BamHI to form the plasmid pBSII-Act5c-orf (FIG. 21). This allows high level expression of the piggyBac transposase in embryos of insects.

Example 10—Transposase Expression in Vertebrate Systems

While all of the constructs in Example 9 permit expression of the transposase in insect systems, they may not permit optimal expression of the transposase in vertebrate systems. Using the commercially available pDsRed1-N1 plasmid (Clonetech) the BamHI cartridge was cloned from pBSII-IFP2orf into the BamHI site adjacent to the CMV promoter to effect efficient expression of the piggyBac transposase in vertebrate systems. This plasmid was further modified by adding the 3xP3 promoter through PCR amplification of this promoter from the plasmid pBacI[3XP3-EYFPafm] (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) using the primers 3XP3-for (5′ ACTCTCGAGGTTCCCACAATGGTTAATTCG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 8) and 3XP3-rev (5′ ACTGAATTCATGGTGGCGACCGGTGGATCG 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 9) to generate a XhoI/EcoRI tailed cartridge that was then cloned into the XhoI and EcoRI digested pDsRed1-N1 backbone to generate the plasmid p3XP3-DsRed-orf (FIG. 9).

Example 11—Optimizing PiggyBac

In some cases it may be preferable to inject transposase protein to permit movement of the piggyBac transposon. The natural piggyBac transposase sequence is not efficiently expressed in prokaryotic systems due to a preponderance of eukaryotic codons. To achieve better expression of the piggyBac transposase in bacterial systems for purification and functional utility a sequence called optimized piggyBac orf (FIG. 23) was created, substituting prokaryotic codon biases wherever possible. This sequence generated the same protein sequence, but represents an artificial gene expressing the piggyBac transposase.

Example 12—Materials and Methods for Examples 1-11

Plasmids

p3E1.2 Deletion Series:

The p3E1.2 plasmid (Fraser et al., 1995) was first linearized using the restriction sites BamHI and EcoRI, blunt ended with the klenow fragment, then religated to construct the p3E1.2(DMCS) eliminating the MCS of the pUC18 sequence. Internal deletions were made using the Erase-A-Base System (Promega). p3E1.2(DMCS) was cut at the unique SacI site within the piggyBac element, generating an ExoIII resistant end, and then cut at the BglII site to generate an ExoIII sensitive end. Fractions of the ExoIII deletion reaction from the BglII site toward the 3′ terminus were stopped every 30 seconds, and were blunt ended by S1 nuclease, recircularized, and transformed into DH5a cells. Recovered plasmids were size analyzed using a quick screen method (Sekar, 1987). The presence of intact 3′ termini was confirmed using a BsiWI digestion, and then sequenced. Nine consecutive plasmids in the size range of approximately 100˜200 bp deletions were recovered and named p3E1.2-d-1 to p3E1.2-d-9, with p3E1.2-d-9 having the maximum deletion (FIG. 1).

pIAO-P/L Series:

The p3E1.2 B/X plasmid was constructed as a pCRII TA clone (Invitrogen) of the entire piggyBac transposon and flanking TTAA targets sites following PCR from the plasmid p3E1.2 using the BamHI/XbaI-tailed primer M1F34 (5′-GGATCCTCTAGATTAACCCTAGAAAGATA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 10). The element and flanking TTAA sites were then excised using the enzyme BamHI and ligated to form a circular molecule. Two outward facing internal piggyBac primers, one with a terminal ApaI site (5′-GAAAGGGCCCGTGATACGCCTATTTTTATAGGTT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 11) and the other with a terminal KpnI site (5′-AATCGGTACCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 12), were used to generate a linear ApaI/KpnI-tailed fragment. This fragment was ligated to a PCR fragment containing the beta-1 actamase gene and E. coli replication origin amplified from pUC18 using an ApaI-tailed primer (5′-CCAAGGGCCCTGACGTGAACCATTGTCACACGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 13) and a KpnI tailed (5′-TGTGGGTACCGTCGATCAAACAAACGCGAGATACCG-3) (SEQ ID NO: 14) primer pair. The resulting pIAO plasmid contains the circularized piggyBac transposon with ends separated by an 18 bp fragment of DNA having the restriction sites configuration xbaI/BamHI/xbaI, with a beta-lactamase gene and the E. coli origin of replication. The lacZ gene under the control of the polyhedron promoter was excised from pD-2/B-gal (Fraser et al., 1996) using restriction enzymes NruI and DraI, and cloned into the unique HpaI site within the piggyBac element of pIAO to form pIAO-polh/lacZ (pIAO-P/L) plasmid.

The pIAO-P/L-TTAA1 plasmid was constructed by digesting pIAO-polh/lacZ with SphI and BsiWI, and the fragment containing the internal-piggyBac sequence was isolated. Two complementing oligonucleotides, SphI (5′-CGTCAATTTTACGCAGACTATCTTTCTAGGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 15) and TTAA-SphI (5′-TTAACCCTAGAAAGATAGTCTGCGTAAAATTGACGCATG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 16), were annealed to form a SphI site on one end and a TTAA overhang on the other end. A second pair of oligonucleotides, BsiWI (5′-GTACGTCACAATATGATTATCYTTCTAGGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 17) and TTAA-BsiWI (5′-TTAACCCTAGAAAGATAATCATATTGTGAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 18) were annealed to form a BsiWI site on one end and a TTAA overhang on the other. These two primer pairs were joined using the TTAA overlaps and inserted into the SphI and BsiWI sites of the digested pIAO-polh/lacZ plasmid to form the circular pIAO-P/L-TTAA1 plasmid.

The pIAO-P/L-TTAA2 plasmid was constructed in a similar manner by combining the SphI-terminal primer with TTAATTAA-SphI (5′-TTAATTAACCCTAGAAAGATAGTCTGCGTAAAATTGACGCATG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 19), and the BsiWI primer with TTAATTAA-BsiWI (5′-TTAATTAACCCTAGAAAGATAATCATATTGTGAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 20).

The plasmids pIAO-P/L-2.2 kb, pIAO-P/L-589 bp, pIAO-P/L-354 bp, pIAO-P/L-212 bp and pIAO-P/L-73 bp were constructed by insertion of HindIII or PvuII fragments from the bacteriophage lambda into the blunt ended XbaI site between the adjacent TTAA target sites of pIAO-polh/lacZ.

Plasmids pIAO-P/L-55 bp, pIAO-P/L-40 bp and pIAO-P/L-22 bp were constructed by annealing oligonucleotide pIAO-4501 (5′-CTAGTACTAGTGCGCCGCGTACGTCTAGAGACGCGCAGTCTAGAAD-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 21) and pIAO-4502 (5′-TTCTAGACTGCGCGTCTCTAGACGTACGCGGCGCACTAGTACTAGD-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 22), forming two XbaI sites and one SpeI site, and ligating them into the blunt ended pIAO-P/L XbaI fragment to generate pIAO-P/L-55 bp. The pIAO-P/L-40 bp plasmid was constructed by cutting pIAO-P/L-55 bp plasmid at the XbaI sites of the inserted fragment and then religating. Cutting pIAO-P/L-40 bp at the XbaI and SpeI sites, and religating formed the pIAO-P/L-22 bp plasmid.

The pIAO-P/L-18 bp plasmid was constructed by PCR amplification of the pIAO-P/L plasmid using the pIAO-18 bp primer (5′-GATGACCTGCAGTAGGAAGACGD3′) (SEQ ID NO: 23) and the TR-18 bp primer (5′-GACTCTAGACGTACGCGGAGCTTAACCCTAGAAAGATAD3′) (SEQ ID NO: 24). The amplified fragment was cut with XbaI and PstI, and ligated to the pIAO-P/L XbaI and PstI cut fragment.

pCRII-ITR, pCRII-JF03/04 and pBS-ITR Plasmids:

The oligonucleotide ITR (5′-GGATTCCATGCGTCAATTTTACGCAD-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 25), having the piggyBac IR and a terminal BamHI site, was used to PCR amplify the piggyBac 3′ and 5′ IRs and TRs along with their spacer regions from the pIAO-P/L-589 bp plasmid. The PCR fragment was TA cloned into pCRII (Invitrogen). The resulting plasmid, pCRII-ITR, replaces the entire internal sequence of piggyBac with the pCRII plasmid sequences. A second plasmid, pCRII-JF03/04, was constructed using the same strategy with the primers JFO3 (5′-GGATCCTCGATATACAGACCGATAAAAACACATGD-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 26) and JF04 (5′-GGTACCATTGCAAACAGCGACGGATTCGCGCTATD-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 27). JFO3 is 83 bp internal to the 5′ terminus, JF04 is 90 bp internal to the 3′ terminus. To construct the pBS-ITR plasmid, the 702 bp BamHI fragment was excised from the pCRII-ITR plasmid and inserted into the BamHI site of the pBlueScript (Stratagene) plasmid.

pXL-Bac Plasmid:

The 702 bp fragment containing the piggyBac terminal repeats isolated from pCRII-ITR plasmid BamHI digestion was religated to form a circular molecule, followed by BssHII digestion. The pBlueScript II plasmid was also digested by BssHII and the large fragment was band isolated. These two fragments were ligated together to form the pBSII-ITR(Rev) plasmid. The Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) was PCR amplified from the pBSII plasmid using the MCS for (5′-ACGCGTAGATCTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 28) and MCS-rev (5′-ACGCGTAGATCTAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 29) primers, and cloned into BamHI site of pBSII-ITR(Rev) to construct the pXL-Bac plasmid.

The pXL-Bac minimum piggyBac vector was constructed by circularizing an ITR BamHI fragment, followed by BssHII digestion. The resulting BssHII fragment was then ligated to the pBlueScript II BssHII AMP/ori containing fragment. The multiple cloning site was PCR amplified from pBSII plasmid and inserted into BamHI site to form the pXL-Bac vector. Any desired gene may be inserted into the MCS [the BssHII fragment taken from pBSII (Stratagene)] to construct a piggyBac transposon.

Helper Plasmid:

phspBac (formerly pBhsDSac, Handler et al, 1998) is a transposase-providing helper plasmid that expresses the piggyBac ORF under the control of the D. melanogaster hsp70 promoter.

Target Plasmid:

pGDV1 is a Bacillus subtilis plasmid (Sarkar et al., 1997a) containing a chloramphenicol resistance gene, and is incapable of replication in E. coli unless provided with an E. coli origin of replication.

Microinjection:

T. ni embryos were collected approximately 2 hours post oviposition and microinjected as described by Lobo et al., (1999). After injection, the embryos were allowed to develop for one hour at room temperature, heat shocked at 37° C. for one hour, and allowed to recover at room temperature overnight. Plasmids were recovered using a modified Hirt (1967) extraction procedure.

Excision Assay:

The excision assay was performed as described by Thibault et al., (1999). Precise excision events were confirmed by sequencing using a fluorescent labeled M13 reverse primer (Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc.).

Interplasmid Transposition Assay:

The interplasmid transposition assay was performed as described by Lobo et al. (1999) and Sarkar et al. (1997a). Plasmids isolated from the injected and heat-shocked embryos, as well as those passaged through E. coli only, were resuspended in 20 μl of sterile distilled water and 3 μl of the DNAs were then electroporated into 10 μl of competent E. coli DH 10B cells (Gibco-BRL) (Elick et al., 1996a). A 1.0-ml aliquot of SOC (2% w/v Bactotryptone, 0.5% w/v Bacto yeast extract, 8.5 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM Kcl, 10 mM MgC₂ 20 mM glucose) was added to the electroporated cells, and the cells were allowed to recover at 37° C. for 15 minutes. An aliquot (1%) of the transformed bacteria was plated on LB plates containing amphicilin (100 μg/ml) and X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β3-D-galactosidase; 0.025 μg/ml), and the rest were plated on LB plates containing kanamycin (10 μg/ml), chloramphenicol (10 μg/ml) and X-Gal (0.025 μg/ml). Restriction analysis using HindIII and EcoRV and PCR using outward facing primers specific to piggyBac (JF01: 5′-CCTCGATATACAGACCGATAAAACACATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30) and JF02: 5′-GCACGCCTCAGCCGAGCTCCAAGGGCGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31)) enabled the preliminary identification of clones with putative interplasmid transposition events. The right insertion site of the clones was sequenced, with the Thermo Sequenase fluorescence-labeled primer sequencing kit (Amersham) and an ALF Express Automated Sequencer (Pharmacia Biotech), using the fluorescence-labeled JF02 primer, while the left insertion site was sequenced with the MF 11 reverse primer (5′-GGATCCCTCAAAATTTCTTTCTAAAGTA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 32).

To check for plasmid replication in the embryos, Hirt-extracted plasmid DNAs recovered from injected D. melanogaster embryos were digested with the restriction enzyme Dpnl (Geier and Modrich, 1979). E. coli cells were transformed with equal volumes of the digested and undigested plasmid DNAs and plated on LB plates containing kanamycin, chloramphenicol and X-Gal as above.

The pIAO-P/L series transposition events were sequenced using the fluorescent labeled MF 11-reverse primer (5′-GGATCCCTCAAAATTTCTTCTAAAGTA-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 33) and JF02 primer (5′-GCACGCCTCAGCCGAGCTCCAAGCGGCGAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO: 34), and the pCRII-ITR and pBSII-ITR transposition events were sequenced using fluorescent labeled M13 reverse primer.

Automatic Thermocycle Sequencing:

Sequencing was performed using the Thermo Sequenase Fluorescent Labeled Primer Sequencing Kit (Amersham) and the ALF Express Automated Sequencer (Pharmacia Biotech), following standard protocols provided by the manufacturers.

Other Plasmids:

FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 present alternative plasmids that may be useful for gene transfer.

Example 14—Identification of TRD Adjacent Regions

The present invention also provides ID sequences adjacent to the TRD of the piggyBac transposon that contribute to a high frequency of germline transformation in D. melanogaster. The present invention provides an analysis of a series of PGR synthesized deletion vectors constructed with the 3xP3-ECFP gene as a transformation marker (Horn and Wimmer, 2000). These vectors define ID sequences immediately adjacent to the 5′ TRD and 3′ TRD adjacent ID sequences that effect efficient germline transformation of D. melanogaster. Using this information, the present invention provides a new ITR cartridge, called ITR1.1K, and verifies its utility in converting an existing plasmid into a mobilizable piggyBac vector that enables efficient germline transformation. The present invention also provides a transposon-based cloning vector, pXL-BacII, for insertion of sequences within a minimal piggyBac transposon and verifies its capabilities in germline transformations.

Example 15—Materials and Methods for Example 12

Plasmids

The pCaSpeR-hs-orf helper plasmid was constructed by PCR amplifying the piggyBac open reading frame using IFP2orf_For and IFP2orf_Rev primers, cloning into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen), excising using BamH I, and inserting into the BamH I site of the P element vector, pCaSpeR-hs (Thummel, et al., 1992). A single clone with the correct orientation and sequence was identified and named pCaSpeR-hs-orf (FIG. 24).

The p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid was constructed from the p(PZ) plasmid (Rubin and Spradling, 1983) by digesting with Hind III and recircularizing the 7 kb fragment containing LacZ, hsp70 and Kan/ori sequences to form the p(PZ)-7 kb plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised from pBSII-ITR (Li et al., 2001b) using Not I and Sal I and blunt end cloned into the Hind III site of the p(PZ)-7 kb plasmid. A 3xP3-EYFP marker gene was PCR amplified from pBac{3xP3-EYFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000), digested with Spe I, and inserted into the Xba I site to form p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP. It contains the LacZ gene, Drosophila hsp70 promoter, Kanamycin resistance gene, ColE1 replication origin, 3xP3-EYFP marker and the piggyBac terminal repeats-only ITR cartridge (FIG. 24).

The pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid was constructed by PCR amplifying the 3xP3-ECFP marker gene from pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) using the primer pair ExFP_For and ExFP_Rev, then digesting the amplified fragment with Spe I, and cloning it into the Xba I site of pBlueScript II plasmid (Stratagene).

The piggyBac synthetic internal deletion plasmids were constructed by PCR amplification from the pIAO-P/L-589 bp plasmid (Li et al., 2001b) using a series of primers. A total of 9 PCR products were generated using the combination of IFP2_R4 against all five IFP2_L primers and IFP2_L5 against all four IFP2_R primers. Two additional PCR products were also obtained using the IPF2_R-TR+IFP2_L and IFP2_R1+IFP2_L primer pairs. These PCR products were then cloned into the pCR II vector using the TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen), excised using Spe I digestion, and cloned into the Spe I site of the pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid to form the piggyBac internal deletion series (FIG. 25). The pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP plasmid (FIG. 24) was constructed by cloning the EcoR V/Dra I fragment from pIAO-P/L-589 bp, which contained both piggyBac terminal repeats, into the EcoR V site of pBSII-3xP3-ECFP. The pXL-BacII-ECFP plasmid (FIG. 24) was constructed by PCR amplifying the ITR1.1k cartridge from pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid using MCS_For and MCS_Rev primers flanking by Bgl II site, cutting with Bgl II, religating and cutting again with BssH II, then inserting into the BssH II sites of the pBSII plasmid.

A separate cloning strategy was used to construct pBS-pBac/DsRed. The 731 bp Ase I-blunted fragment from p3E1.2, including 99 bp of 3′ piggyBac terminal sequence and adjacent NPV insertion site sequence, was ligated into a unique Kpn I-blunted site in pBS-KS (Stratagene). The resulting plasmid was digested with Sac I and blunted, then digested with Pst I, and ligated to a 173 bp Hinc II-Nsi I fragment from p3E1.2, including 38 bp of 5′ piggyBac terminal sequence. The pBS-pBac minimal vector was marked with polyubiquitin-regulated DsRed1 digested from pB[PubDsRed1] (Handler and Harrell, 2001a) and inserted into an EcoR I-Hind III deletion in the internal cloning site within the terminal sequences.

Example 16 Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster

The D. melanogaster w¹¹¹⁸ white eye strain was used for all microinjections employing a modification of the standard procedure described by Rubin and Spradling (1982), in which the dechorionation step was eliminated. Equal concentrations (0.5 μg/μl) of each of the internal deletion plasmids, or the control plasmid pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}, were injected along with an equal amount of the pCaSpeR-hs-orf helper plasmid into fresh fly embryos followed by a one hour heat shock at 37° C. and recovery overnight at room temperature. Emerging adults were individually mated with w¹¹¹⁸ flies, and progeny larvae were screened using an Olympus SZX12 fluorescent dissecting microscope equipped with GFP (480 nm excitation/510 nm barrier), CFP (436 nm excitation/480 nm barrier), and YFP (500 nm excitation/530 barrier) filter sets. Two positive adults from each of the vials were crossed with w¹¹¹⁸ to establish germline transformed strains. The pBS-pBac/DsRed1 minimal vector was also injected and screened under HQ Texas Red® set no. 41004 (Handler and Harrell, 2001a).

Direct PCR Analysis

Genomic DNAs from each of the transformed stains, the w¹¹¹⁸ wild type strain, and a piggyBac positive strain M23.1 (Handler and Harrell, 1999) were prepared using a modified DNAzol procedure. About 60 flies from each strain were combined with 150 μl of DNAzol (Molecular Research Center, Inc.) in a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube. The flies were homogenized, an additional 450 μl of DNAzol was added, and the homogenates were incubated at room temperature for one hour. The DNAs were extracted twice with phenol:chloroform (1:1 ratio), and the aqueous fractions were transferred to new tubes for precipitation of the DNA with an equal volume of 2-propanol. The DNA pellets were washed with 70% ethanol, air dried, and 150 μl of dH₂O containing 10 μg of RNase A was added and resuspended.

Two sets of direct PCRs were performed to identify the presence of piggyBac sequences in transformed fly genomes. Primers MF34 and IFP2_L were used to identify the presence of the piggyBac 3′ terminal repeat, while MF34 and IFP2_R1 were used for identifying the piggyBac 5′ terminal repeat. To exclude the possibility of recombination, a second PCR was also performed using the IFP2_R1 and IFP2_L primers to amplify the external stuffer fragment (Li et al., 2001) between the terminal repeat regions.

Southern Hybridization Analysis

Southern hybridization analysis was performed using a standard procedure with minor modifications (Ausubel et al. 1994). Approximately 8 μg of genomic DNA (isolated as above) from each of the transformed fly strains was digested with 40 units of Hind III for four hours, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis at 60 Volts for 4 to 5 hours. The gel was then denatured, neutralized and transferred to nylon membranes, and baked at 80° C. for four hours. The membranes were pre-hybridized in the hybridization buffer overnight. A synthetic probe was prepared by nick translation (Invitrogen kit) using ³²P labeled dGTP against the pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP plasmid template. The purified probe was hybridized at 65° C. overnight followed by several washes, and the membranes were first exposed on phosphor screens (Kodak) overnight for scanning with a Storm phosphor Scanner (Molecular Dynamics System), and then exposed on X-ray film (Kodak).

Universal PCR and Inverse PCR Analysis

The piggyBac insertion sites in the transformed fly strains were identified using either universal PCR (Beeman et al., 1997) or inverse PCR techniques (Ochman et al., 1988). For the universal PCR, the IFP2_L (3′ TR) or IPR2_R1 (5′ TR) primer was combined with one of 7 universal primers during the first round of PCR (94° C. 1 minute, 40° C. 1 minute, 72° C. 2 minutes, 35 cycles). 2 μl of the reaction mixture from the first round of PCR was then used for a second round of PCR (94° C. 1 minute, 50° C. 1 minute, 72° C. 2 minutes, 35 cycles) using IFP2_L1 (3′ TR) or iPCR_R1 (5′ TR) together with a T7 primer (nested on the universal primer).

Inverse PCRs were performed by digesting 5 ug of the genomic DNAs from each of the transformed strains completely with HinP1 I for the 3′ end or Taq I for the 5′ end, followed by purification using the Geneclean kit (Q-Biogene) and self-ligation in a 100 ul volume overnight. The self-ligated DNAs were precipitated and resuspended in 30 ul ddH₂O. A portion of them were then used for first round PCR (94° C. 1 minute, 40° C. 1 minute, 72° C. 2 minutes, 35 cycles) with primer pairs IFP2_R1+MF14 for the 5′ end and JF3+IFP2_Lb for the 3′ end. 2 ul of the first round PCR products were used as templates for the second round PCR (94° C. 1 minute, 50° C. 1 minute, 72° C. 2 minutes, 35 cycles) using primer pairs iPCR_R1+iPCR_6 for the 5′ end and iPCR_L1+MF04 for the 3′ end. The pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains were slightly different, the primer pair iPCR_L1+IFP2_L-R were used for the 3′ end in the second round PCR. All the PCR products were cloned into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen) and sequenced. The sequences were used to BLAST search the NCBI database to identify the locations of the insertions. MacVector 6.5.3 (Oxford Molecular Group) and ClustalX (Jeanmougin et al., 1998) were used for sequence alignments.

Example 17—Transformation Experiments with Synthetic Deletion Constructs

Each of the piggyBac synthetic internal deletion plasmids was formed by PCR amplifying from the pIAO-P/L-589 plasmid (Li et al., 2001) by PCR amplifying across the facing terminal repeats and spacer with primers that recognize 5′ or 3′ sequences adjacent to the respective TRDs (FIG. 24). The fragments generated were cloned into a pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid and sequenced.

Each of the synthetic deletion series plasmids and the control plasmid, pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}, were co-injected with the hsp70-regulated transposase helper into w¹¹¹⁸ embryos, with surviving adults backcrossed, and G1 adult progeny screened for fluorescence. Positive transformants exhibited fluorescent eyes with CFP and GFP filter sets but not with the YFP filter set. Transformation frequencies from all injections are listed in Table 1, below.

TABLE 1 Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster Embryos Embryos Adults Adults Transformants Transformation Plasmid Injected Hatched Mated Survied Lines (G₀) Frequency p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP 2730 376 217 83 1  0.6% pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5 990 240 83 70 6  8.9% pBSII-ECFP-R2/L5 620 75 21 16 2 12.5% pBSII-ECFP-R3/L5 650 127 29 20 3 15.0% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L5 730 182 39 31 4 12.9% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L4 670 169 44 28 3 10.7% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L3 710 147 44 31 3  9.7% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L2 850 191 55 46 5 10.8% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1 990 231 75 86 0   0% pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP 530 128 43 84 5 13.9% pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L 610 169 62 71 0   0% pBSII-ECFP-R1/L 840 247 81 69 0   0% pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} 650 104 45 69 4 12.9% pXL-BacII-ECFP 1020 181 42 36 8 22.2% pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP* 515 120 48 22 8 36.4% pXL-BacII-ECFP* 533 199 115 88 22 25.0% *The injections were done independently (Handler lab) using a 0.4:0.2 ug/ul vector/helper concentration ratio of DNA. The p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid yielded a low transformation frequency of 0.6% compared to the control plasmid, pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}frequency of 12.9% (Table 1).

Eight of the eleven synthetic ID deletion plasmids yielded positive transformants at an acceptable (not significantly different from control, P<0.05) frequency. The 5′ ID deletion constructs pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5, pBSII-ECFP-R2/L5, pBSII-ECFP-R3/L5 and pBSII-ECFP-R4/L5 had variable deletions of the piggyBac 5′ ID, retaining sequences from 66 bp (nucleotides 36˜101 of the piggyBac sequence, GenBank Accession Number: AR307779) to 542 bp (36˜567 of the piggyBac sequence). Each of these 5′ ID deletions yielded ECFP positive germ line transformants at frequencies from 8.9% to 15.0% (Table 1) when paired with 1 kb of the 3′ ID sequence (nucleotides 1454˜2409 of the piggyBac sequence). These results suggested that a minimal sequence of no more than 66 bp of the 5′ ID may be necessary for efficient germline transposition.

The R4 minimum 5′ ID sequence primer was then used in combination with a series of 3′ ID deletion primers to generate the constructs pBSII-ECFP-R4/L4, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L3, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L2 and pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1. Of these four constructs, only pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1, which represented the greatest deletion of 3′ ID sequence (2284˜2409 of the piggyBac sequence), failed to yield transformants. Once again, frequencies for the positive transformant constructs were similar to the control (Table 1). It was therefore deduced that the minimal 3′ ID sequence requirement for efficient germline transformation was between 125 bp (L1) and 378 bp (L2) of the 3′ TRD adjacent ID sequence.

Example 18—Construction of the ITR1.1k Minimal Sequence piggyBacCartridge

To construct a minimal sequence cartridge using the information gained from the synthetic deletion analysis, combinations of 5′ and 3′ minimal sequences were assembled and their transformation capabilities were tested. The pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L construct is composed of a 35 bp 5′ TRD lacking any 5′ ID sequence, coupled to a fragment containing the 65 bp 3′ TRD and 172 bp of the adjacent 3′ ID sequence. This combination did not yield any transformants, confirming the necessity for having 5′ ID sequences in combination with 3′ ID sequences for efficient transformation. Unexpectedly, addition of 101 bp of the 5′ ID sequences to the 5′ TRD sequences in the construct pBSII-ECFP-R1/L was not sufficient to recover transformation capacity when paired with the 172 bp 3′ ID sequences, even though the lower limit of essential 5′ ID sequences had been suggested to be 66 bp using pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5 (Table 1). Increasing the 5′ ID sequences to 276 bp in the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid recovered the full transformation capability when paired with the 172 bp 3′ ID sequence (Table 2). The minimal operational requirement for 5′ ID sequences is therefore between 276 and 101 bp when coupled to a minimal 3′ ID sequence of 172 bp.

Two independent verifications of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid transforming capabilities were conducted for transformation of D. melanogaster. These transformation experiments resulted in calculated frequencies of 13.9% (FIG. 25) and 36% (Table 1). The discrepancy in frequencies may be attributed to differences in injection protocols between labs. Unless otherwise indicated, the transformation frequencies presented in Table 1 and FIG. 25 were obtained with injections of 0.6:0.6 ug/ul vector:helper concentration ratios. The increased efficiency of transformation for pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP observed in the second independent trial seems to be related to a decreased vector:helper concentration in D. melanogaster.

Five recovered pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP transformed strains were used to perform genetic mapping to identify their chromosome locations. Several of the strains had insertions on the second and third chromosomes (including strain 1), while strain 3 had an insertion on the X chromosome. Strain 1 and strain 3 were chosen for further analyses.

Direct PCR Analysis of Integrations:

Genomic DNAs from each of the transformed strains obtained with the synthetic deletion constructs in FIG. 24, as well as the piggyBac positive strain M23.1 and the negative white eye strain w¹¹¹⁸, were used to perform two sets of PCRs to verify the presence of the piggyBac 5′ and 3′ terminal repeat regions. An additional negative control PCR was performed on all transformants to show the absence of the external lambda phage DNA stuffer sequence (FIG. 26).

The first set of PCRs utilized the IFP2_R1 and MF34 primers to amplify the 5′ terminal repeat regions, and the second set of PCRs used the IFP2_L and MF34 primers to amplify the 3′ terminal repeat regions. All of the synthetic deletion transformed strains, the M23.1 control strain, and the plasmid control yielded a strong PCR product of the correct size for each of the primer sets, confirming the presence of both of the piggyBac terminal repeat regions in all of the transformed strains. Interestingly, the white eye strain w¹¹¹⁸ yielded a very weak product of the correct size with the 5′ terminal repeat PCR amplification, but failed to generate a product with the 3′ terminal specific primer set.

A third set of PCRs was performed using the IFP2_R1 and IFP2_L primers in an attempt to amplify the external lambda phage DNA stuffer sequence which would be present if an insertion resulted from recombination of the entire plasmid sequence rather than transposition. The control product from this PCR reaction is a 925 bp fragment, and no such corresponding fragments were generated with any of the transformed strain genomic DNAs.

Southern Hybridization Analysis:

Southern hybridization analysis was performed to verify the copy number and further confirm transposition of the piggyBac deletion plasmids into the Drosophila genome (FIG. 27 and FIG. 29). Genomic DNAs from two of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains (strain 1 and strain 3) and one of each of the other strains were digested with Hind III, with the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid Hind III digest as a plasmid control. The Hind III digestion of all transformed strains will generate four fragments if transpositional insertion has occurred: the pBSII plasmid backbone fragment (2960 bp), the 3xP3-ECFP marker fragment (1158 bp), the piggyBac 5′ terminus fragment and the piggyBac 3′ terminus fragment. Using the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid as probe, all four fragments generated by the Hind III digestion may be detected.

The diagnostic 2960 bp pBSII backbone and 1158 bp ECFP marker fragments were present in all of the transformed strains examined. All of these strains also exhibited at least two additional bands corresponding to the piggyBac termini and adjacent sequences at the integration site (FIG. 27). These results confirmed that the observed frequencies were the result of transpositional integrations.

Example 19—Analysis of Insertion Site Sequences

To further verify that piggyBac-mediated transposition of the synthetic deletion constructs occurred in these transformants, individual insertion sites were examined by isolating joining regions between the transposon and genomic sequences using either universal PCR or inverse PCR. Subsequent sequencing analysis of these joining regions demonstrated that all of the insertions occurred exclusively at single TTAA target sites that were duplicated upon insertion, and all insertion sites had adjacent sequences that were unrelated to the vector. The two pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains 1 and 3 have a single insertion on the third and X chromosome respectively.

Example 20—Pairings of 5′ PiggyBac Minimum Sequence with Long 3′ End Transposon Sequences

In these studies, transformation results from synthetic unidirectional deletion plasmids demonstrate that no more than 66 bp (nt 36˜101 of the piggyBac sequence) of the piggyBac 5′ ID sequence and 378 bp (nt 2031˜2409 of the native (wild-type) piggyBac sequence) of the piggyBac 3′ ID sequence are necessary for efficient transformation when these deletions are paired with long (378 or 311 bp, respectively, or longer) ID sequences from the opposite end of the transposon. The transformation data from the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid further defines the 3′ ID essential sequence as 172 bp (nt 2237˜2409 of the native (wild-type) piggyBac sequence). Combining this same 172 bp 3′ ID sequence with only the 5′ TRD in the pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L plasmid yielded no transformants, demonstrating that the 3′ ID sequence alone was insufficient for full mobility. Unexpectedly, adding the 66 bp 5′ ID sequence in pBSII-ECFP-R1/L also does not allow recovery of full transformation capability in spite of the fact that the same 66 bp does allow full transformation capability when coupled to the larger (378 bp) 3′ ID sequence in the pBSII-ECFP-R1/L2. This result cannot be explained by size alone, since the ITR cartridge strategy used to test this deletion sequence construct effectively replaces the rest of the piggyBac ID with the 2961 bp pBSII plasmid sequence.

There appears to be an important sequence within the additional 206 bp of the L2 3′ ID sequence that compensates for the smaller 5′ ID sequence of R1. The data infer that an analogous sequence at the 5′ end should be located within the 210 bp added to the 5′ ID sequence in construction of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP, since this construct exhibits full transforming capability using the L 3′ ID sequence. Aligning these two sequences using MacVector 6.5.3 identified two small segments of repeat sequences common between these approximately 200 bp sequences. These repeats, ACTTATT (nt 275˜281, 2120˜2126 and 2163˜2169 of the piggyBac sequence) and CAAAAT (nt 185˜190, 158˜163 and 2200˜2205 of the piggyBac sequence), occur in direct and opposite orientations, and are also found in several other locations of the piggyBac ID (FIG. 28). It seems that a minimum of one set of these repeats on either side of the internal domains are required for the transposon to permit full transforming capability.

Example 21—Materials Used in Transformation Studies with Synthetic Deletion Constructs

The present example describes the piggyBac construct materials (e.g. synthetic deletion constructs) used in the transformation of Drosophila melanogaster.

Materials and Methods

Plasmids

The pCaSpeR-hs-orf helper plasmid was constructed by PCR amplifying the piggyBac open reading frame using IFP2orf_For and IFP2orf_Rev primers, cloning into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen), excising with BamH I and inserting into the BamH I site of the P element vector, pCaSpeR-hs (Thummel, et al., 1992). A single clone with the correct orientation and sequence was identified and named pCaSpeR-hs-orf (FIG. 24A).

The p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid (FIG. 24B) was constructed from the p(PZ) plasmid (Rubin and Spradling, 1983) by digesting with Hind III and recircularizing the 7 kb fragment containing LacZ, hsp70 and Kan/ori sequences to form the p(PZ)-7 kb plasmid. The ITR cartridge was excised from pBSII-ITR (Li et al., 2001b) using Not I and Sal I and blunt-end cloned into the Hind III site of the p(PZ)-7 kb plasmid. A 3xP3-EYFP marker gene was PCR amplified from pBac{3xP3-EYFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000), digested with Spe I, and inserted into the Xba I site to form p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP.

The pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid was constructed by PCR amplifying the 3xP3-ECFP marker gene from pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000) using the primer pair ExFP_For and ExFP_Rev (Table 2), digesting the amplified fragment with Spe I, and cloning it into the Xba I site of pBlueScript II plasmid (Stratagene).

The piggyBac synthetic internal deletion plasmids were constructed by PCR amplification from the pIAO-P/L-589 bp plasmid (Li et al., 2001b) using a series of primers (Table 2). A total of 9 PCR products were generated using the combination of IFP2_R4 against all five IFP2_L primers and IFP2_L5 against all four IFP2_R primers. Two additional PCR products were also obtained using the IPF2_R-TR+IFP2_L and IFP2_R1+IFP2_L primer pairs. These PCR products were then cloned into the pCR II vector (Invitrogen), excised by Spe I digestion, and cloned into the Spe I site of the pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid to form the piggyBac internal deletion series (FIG. 25). The pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP plasmid (FIG. 24C) was constructed by cloning the EcoR V/Dra I fragment from pIAO-P/L-589 bp, which contained both piggyBac terminal repeats, into the EcoR V site of pBSII-3xP3-ECFP. The pXL-BacII-ECFP plasmid (FIG. 24D) was constructed essentially as described previously (Li et al., 2001b) by PCR amplifying the ITR1.1k cartridge from pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid using MCS_For and MCS_Rev primers, each containing flanking Bgl II sites, cutting with Bgl II, religating and cutting again with BssH II, then inserting into the BssH II sites of the pBSII plasmid.

The pBS-pBac/DsRed1 plasmid was constructed by excising the 731 bp Ase I-fragment from p3E1.2, including 99 bp of 3′ piggyBac terminal sequence and adjacent NPV insertion site sequence, and ligating it as a blunt fragment into a unique Kpn I-blunted site in pBS-KS (Stratagene). The resulting plasmid was digested with Sac I and blunted, digested with Pst I, and ligated to a 173 bp Hinc II-Nsi I fragment from p3E1.2, including 38 bp of 5′ piggyBac terminal sequence. The pBS-pBac minimal vector was marked with the polyubiquitin-regulated DsRed1 digested from pB[PUbDsRed1] (Handler and Harrell, 2001a) and inserted into an EcoR I-Hind III deletion in the internal cloning site within the terminal sequences.

Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster

The D. melanogaster w¹¹¹⁸ white eye strain was used for all microinjections employing a modification of the standard procedure described by Rubin and Spradling (1982) in which the dechorionation step was eliminated. Equal concentrations (0.5 ug/ul) of each of the internal deletion plasmids or the control plasmid pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}, were injected along with an equal amount of the pCaSpeR-hs-orf helper plasmid into embryos followed by a one hour heat shock at 37° C. and recovery overnight at room temperature. Emerging adults were individually mated with w¹¹¹⁸ flies, and progeny were screened as larvae using an Olympus SZX12 fluorescent dissecting microscope equipped with GFP (480 nm excitation/510 nm barrier), CFP (436 nm excitation/480 nm barrier), and YFP (500 nm excitation/530 barrier) filter sets. Two positive adults from each of the vials were crossed with w¹¹¹⁸ to establish germ-line transformed strains. The pBS-pBac/DsRed1 minimal vector was also injected and screened using a HQ Texas Red® filter no. 41004 (Handler and Harrell, 2001a).

Direct PCR Analysis

Genomic DNAs from each of the transformed stains, the w¹¹¹⁸ wild type strain, and a piggyBac positive strain M23.1 (Handler and Harrell, 1999) were prepared using a modified DNAzol procedure. About 60 flies from each strain were combined with 150 ul of DNAzoI (Molecular Research Center, Inc.) in a 1.5 ml eppendorf tube. The flies were homogenized, an additional 450 ul of DNAzoI was added, and the homogenates were incubated at room temperature for one hour. The DNAs were extracted twice with phenol:chloroform (1:1 ratio), and the aqueous fractions were transferred to new tubes for precipitation of the DNA with an equal volume of 2-propanol. The DNA pellets were washed with 70% ethanol, air dried, and resuspended in 150 ul of dH₂O containing 10 ug of RNase A.

Two sets of direct PCRs were performed to identify the presence of piggyBac sequences in transformed fly genomes. Primers MF34 and IFP2_L were used to identify the presence of the piggyBac 3′ terminal repeat, while MF34 and IFP2_R1 were used for identifying the piggyBac 5′ terminal repeat. To exclude the possibility of recombination, a second PCR was also performed using the IFP2_R1 and IFP2_L primers to amplify the external stuffer fragment (Li et al., 2001b) between the terminal repeat regions.

Southern Hybridization Analysis

Southern hybridization analysis was performed using a standard procedure with minor modifications (Ausubel et al. 1994). Approximately 8 ug of genomic DNA (isolated as above) from each of the transformed fly strains was digested with 40 units of Hind III for four hours, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel was then denatured, neutralized and transferred to nylon membranes, and baked at 80° C. for four hours, and the membranes were pre-hybridized overnight. A synthetic probe was prepared by nick translation (Invitrogen kit) using ³²P labeled dGTP against the pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP plasmid template. Purified probe was hybridized at 65° C. overnight followed by several washes, and the membranes were first exposed on phosphor screens (Kodak) overnight for scanning with a Storm phosphor Scanner (Molecular Dynamics System), and then exposed on X-ray film (Kodak).

Universal PCR and Inverse PCR Analysis

The piggyBac insertion sites in the transformed fly strains were identified using either universal PCR (Beeman et al., 1997) or inverse PCR techniques (Ochman et al., 1988). For the universal PCR, the IFP2_L (3′ TR) or IPR2_R1 (5′ TR) primer was combined with one of 7 universal primers (Table 2) during the first round of PCR (94° C. 1 min, 40° C. 1 min, 72° C. 2 min, 35 cycles). 2 ul of the reaction mix from the first round PCR was then used for a second round of PCR (94° C. 1 min, 50° C. 1 min, 72° C. 2 min, 35 cycles) using IFP2_L1 (3′ TR) or iPCR_R1 (5′ TR) together with a T7 primer (nested on the universal primer).

Inverse PCRs were performed by digesting 5 ug of the genomic DNAs from each of the transformed strains completely with HinP1 I for the 3′ end or Taq I for the 5′ end, followed by purification using the Geneclean kit (Q-Biogene) and self-ligation in a 100 ul volume overnight. The self-ligated DNAs were precipitated and resuspended in 30 ul ddH₂O. A 5 μl portion of each ligation was used for first round PCR (94° C. 1 min, 40° C. 1 min, 72° C. 2 min, 35 cycles) with primer pairs IFP2_R1+MF14 for the 5′ end, and JF3+IFP2_Lb for the 3′ end (Table 2). 2 μl of the first round PCR products were used as templates for the second round PCR (94° C. 1 min, 50° C. 1 min, 72° C. 2 min, 35 cycles) using primer pairs iPCR_R1+iPCR_6 for the 5′ end and iPCR_L1+MF04 for the 3′ end. The primer pair iPCR_L1+IFP2_L-R was used for the second round PCR of the 3′ end of pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains. All the PCR products were cloned into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen) and sequenced. Sequences were subjected to a BLAST search of the NCBI database to identify the locations of the insertions. MacVector 6.5.3 (Oxford Molecular Group) and ClustalX (Jeanmougin et al., 1998) were used for sequence alignments.

Example 22—Transformation Studies with Synthetic Deletion Constructs

Initial attempts to transform D. melanogaster with plasmids having only TRD sequences as specified in previous reports (Li et al., 2001b) yielded transformation frequencies far less than full length piggyBac constructs. The p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP construct contains the ITR cartridge of Li et al. (2001b) composed of the 5′ and 3′ TRD and the spacer sequence, while the pBS-pBac/DsRed retains only 2 bp of 5′ ID and 36 bp of 3′ ID sequences in addition to the 5′ and 3′ TRD. Neither of these constructs were able to generate germ-line transformants at the frequencies previously reported for full length vectors (Handler and Harrell, 1999) or the less extensive internal deletion construct pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} (Horn and Wimmer, 2000). The potential involvement of piggyBac ID sequences in generating germ line transformations were therefore reexamined.

The requirements for TRD was examined adjacent ID sequences of the piggyBac transposon using a synthesized cartridge strategy based upon construction of the previously reported ITR cartridge (Li et al., 2001b), rather than digesting with an endonuclease and selecting clones representing an internal deletion series. Each of the piggyBac synthetic internal deletion plasmids was formed from the pIAO-P/L-589 plasmid (Li et al., 2001b) by PCR amplification across the facing TRDs and spacer sequences with primers that recognize 5′ or 3′ ID sequences adjacent to the respective TRDs (FIG. 24). The fragments generated were cloned into a pBSII-3xP3-ECFP plasmid and sequenced (Materials and Methods).

Each of the synthetic deletion series plasmids and the control plasmid, pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}, were co-injected with the hsp70-regulated transposase helper into w¹¹¹⁸ embryos, with surviving adults backcrossed, and G1 adult progeny screened for fluorescence. Positive transformants exhibited fluorescent eyes with CFP and GFP filter sets but not with the YFP filter set. Transformation frequencies from all injections are listed in Table 3. The p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP plasmid, which was constructed using the ITR cartridge previously described (Li et al., 2001b), yielded a relatively low transformation frequency of 0.6% compared to the control plasmid, pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} frequency of 12.9% (Table 3).

Eight of the eleven synthetic ID deletion plasmids yielded positive transformants at an acceptable frequency compared to the control. The 5′ ID deletion constructs pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5, pBSII-ECFP-R2/L5, pBSII-ECFP-R3/L5 and pBSII-ECFP-R4/L5 had variable deletions of the piggyBac 5′ ID, retaining sequences from 66 bp (nucleotides 36˜101; GenBank Accession Number: AR307779) to 542 bp (nucleotides 36˜567) of the piggyBac sequence. Each of these 5′ ID deletions yielded ECFP positive germ-line transformants at frequencies from 8.9% (+/−1.0%) to 15.0% (+/−0.6%) (Table 3) when paired with 1 kb of the 3′ ID sequence (nucleotides 1454-2409). These results demonstrated a minimal sequence of no more than 66 bp of the 5′ ID is appropriate for effective germ-line transposition.

The R4 minimum 5′ ID sequence primer was then used in combination with a series of 3′ ID deletion primers to generate the constructs pBSII-ECFP-R4/L4, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L3, pBSII-ECFP-R4/L2 and pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1. Of these four constructs, only pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1, which represented the greatest deletion of 3′ ID sequence (2284˜2409 of the piggyBac sequence), failed to yield transformants. Once again, frequencies for the constructs that yielded positive transformants compared favorably with the control (Table 3). It was therefore deduced that the minimal 3′ ID sequence requirement for efficient germline transformation was between 125 bp (L1) and 378 bp (L2) of the 3′ TRD adjacent ID sequence.

Construction of the ITR1.1k Minimal Sequence PiggyBac Cartridge

To construct a minimal sequence cartridge using the information gained from the synthetic deletion analysis combinations of 5′ and 3′ minimal sequences were constructed and tested for their transformation capabilities. The pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L construct is composed of a 35 bp 5′ TRD lacking any 5′ ID sequence, coupled to a fragment containing the 63 bp 3′ TRD and 172 bp of the adjacent 3′ ID sequence. This combination did not yield any transformants, confirming the necessity for having 5′ ID sequences in combination with 3′ ID sequences for efficient transformation.

Unexpectedly, addition of 66 bp of the 5′ ID sequences to the 5′ TRD sequences in the construct pBSII-ECFP-R1/L was not sufficient to recover transformation capacity when paired with the 172 bp 3′ ID sequences, even though the lower limit of essential 5′ ID sequences as 66 bp using pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5 had been previously defined (Table 4). Increasing the 5′ ID sequences to 276 bp in the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid recovered the full transformation capability when paired with the 172 bp 3′ ID sequence (Table 4). The minimal operational sequence requirement for 5′ ID sequences is therefore between 276 and 66 bp when coupled to a minimal 3′ ID sequence of 172 bp.

Two independent verifications of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid transforming capabilities were conducted for transformation of D. melanogaster. These transformation studies resulted in calculated frequencies of 13.9% (FIG. 24) and 36% (Table 3). The discrepancy in frequencies may be attributed at least in some part to differences in injection protocols between labs. Unless otherwise indicated, the transformation frequencies presented in Table 3 were obtained with injections of 0.6:0.6 μg/μl vector:helper concentration ratios. The increased efficiency of transformation for pBSII-ITR 1.1k-ECFP observed in the second independent trial seems to be related to a decreased vector:helper concentration in D. melanogaster.

Five recovered pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP transformed strains were used to perform genetic mapping to identify their chromosome locations. Several of the strains had insertions on the second and third chromosomes (including strain 1), while strain 3 had an insertion on the X chromosome. Strain 1 and strain 3 were chosen for further analyses.

Direct PCR Analysis of Integrations:

Genomic DNAs from each of the transformed strains obtained with the synthetic deletion constructs in FIG. 1, as well as the piggyBac positive strain M23.1 and the negative white eye strain w¹¹¹⁸, were used to perform two sets of PCRs to verify the presence of the piggyBac 5′ and 3′ terminal repeat regions. An additional negative control PCR was performed on all transformants to show the absence of the external lambda phage DNA stuffer sequence (FIG. 25).

The first set of PCRs utilized the IFP2_R1 and MF34 primers to amplify the 5′ terminal repeat regions, and the second set of PCRs used the IFP2_L and MF34 primers to amplify the 3′ terminal repeat regions. All of the synthetic deletion transformed strains, the M23.1 control strain, and the plasmid control yielded a strong PCR product of the correct size for each of the primer sets, confirming the presence of both of the piggyBac terminal repeat regions in all of the transformed strains. The white eye strain w¹¹¹⁸ yielded a very weak product of the correct size with the 5′ terminal repeat PCR amplification, but failed to generate a product with the 3′ terminal specific primer set.

A third set of PCRs was performed using the IFP2_R1 and IFP2_L primers in an attempt to amplify the external lambda phage DNA stuffer sequence which would be present if an insertion resulted from recombination of the entire plasmid sequence rather than transposition. The control product from this PCR reaction is a 925 bp fragment, and no such corresponding fragments were generated with any of the transformed strain genomic DNAs.

Example 23—Southern Hybridization Analysis

Southern hybridization analysis was performed to verify the copy number and further confirm transposition of the piggyBac deletion plasmids into the Drosophila genome (FIG. 27, FIG. 29). Genomic DNAs from two of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains (strain 1 and strain 3) and one of each of the other strains were digested with Hind III, with the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid Hind III digest as a plasmid control. The Hind III digestion of all transformed strains is expected to generate four fragments after transpositional insertion: the pBSII plasmid backbone fragment (2960 bp), the 3xP3-ECFP marker fragment (1158 bp), the piggyBac 5′ terminus fragment and the piggyBac 3′ terminus fragment. Using the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid as probe, all four fragments generated by the Hind III digestion may be detected.

The diagnostic 2960 bp pBSII backbone and 1158 bp ECFP marker fragments were present in all of the transformed strains examined. All of these strains also exhibited at least two additional bands corresponding to the piggyBac termini and adjacent sequences at the integration site (FIG. 27). These results confirmed that the observed frequencies were the result of transpositional integrations.

Example 24—Analysis of Insertion Site Sequences

To further verify that piggyBac-mediated transposition of the synthetic deletion constructs occurred in these transformants, individual insertion sites were examined by isolating joining regions between the transposon and genomic sequences using either universal PCR or inverse PCR. Subsequent sequencing analysis of these joining regions demonstrated that all of the insertions occurred exclusively at single TTAA target sites that were duplicated upon insertion, and all insertion sites had adjacent sequences that were unrelated to the vector (Table 4). The two pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP strains 1 and 3 have a single insertion on the third and X chromosome respectively. This data is consistent with the information obtained from genetic crosses with balancer strains.

During sequence analysis of the integration sites a reported point mutation in the present constructs was confirmed that occurs at position 2426 in the piggyBac sequence, within the 3′ TRD at the boundary of the 31 bp spacer and the internal repeat sequence. This point mutation was apparently generated in constructing the pIAO-P/L plasmid (Li et al., 2001b) and was therefore present in all of the constructs generated by the PCR syntheses employed in these studies. This point mutation had no apparent effect on the transformation frequencies as evidenced by the efficiency of transformation obtained with pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP.

The available piggyBac insertion site data from previous reports and these studies were compiled and aligned using ClustalX to identify a potential common insertion site motif (Table 5). No apparent consensus motif arose from the comparison of these sequences outside of the required TTAA target site.

TABLE 2 A listing of the synthetic oligonucleotide primers used (SEQ ID NOS 73-106 respectively in order   of appearance: Internal Deletion Primers IFP2_R1 ACTTCTAGAGTCCTAAATTGCAAACAGCGAC IFP2_R2 ACTTCTAGACACGTAAGTAGAACATGAAATAAC IFP2_R3 ACTTCTAGATCACTGTCAGAATCCTCACCAAC IFP2_R4 ACTTCTAGAAGAAGCCAATGAAGAACCTGG IFP2_L1 ACTTCTAGAAATAAATAAATAAACATAAATAAATTG IFP2_L2 ACTTCTAGAGAAAGGCAAATGCATCGTGC IFP2_L3 ACTTCTAGACGCAAAAAATTTATGAGAAACC IFP2_L4 ACTTCTAGAGATGAGGATGCTTCTATCAACG IFP2_L5 ACTTCTAGACGCGAGATACCGGAAGTACTG IFP2_L ACTTCTAGACTCGAGAGAGAATGTTTAAAAGTTTTGTT IFP2_R-TR ACTTCTAGACATGCGTCAATTTTACGCAGACTATCTTTC TAGGGTTAATCTAGCTGCATCAGG Other Primers ExFP_For ACGACTAGTGTTCCCACAATGGTTAATTCG ExFP_Rev ACGACTAGTGCCGTACGCGTATCGATAAGC IFP2orf_For GGATCCTATATAATAAAATGGGTAGTTCTT IFP2orf_Rev GGATCCAAATTCAACAAACAATTTATTTATG MF34 GGATCCTCTAGATTAACCCTAGAAAGATA Univ-1 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNCTAT Univ-2 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNAGTGC Univ-3 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNGAATTC Univ-4 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNAGTACT Univ-5 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNAAGCTT Univ-6 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNGGATCC Univ-7 TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGNNNNNNNNNNCTAG iPCR_R1 ATTTTACGCAGACTATCTTTCTA T7 TTAATACGACTCACTAT MF14 GGATCCGCGGTAAGTGTCACTGA JF3 GGATCCTCGATATACAGACCGATAAAAACACATG IFP2_Lb ACTGGGCCCATACTAATAATAAATTCAACAAAC iPCR_6 TTATTTCATGTTCTACTTACGTG iPCR_L1 TGATTATCTTTAACGTACGTCAC MF04 GTCAGTCCAGAAACAACTTTGGC IFP2_L-R+ CTAGAAATTTATTTATGTTTATTTATTTATTA MCS_For ACGCGTAGATCTTAATACGACTCACTATAGGG MCS_Rev ACGCGTAGATCTAATTAACCCTCACTAAAGGG

TABLE 3 Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster Embryos Embryos Adults Transformed Overall Plasmid Experiment Injected Hatched mated Lines Frequency Frequency STD DEV STD ERR p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP 1 920 136 55 1 1.8% 0.6% 1.0% ±0.6% 2 910 120 56 0 0.0% 3 900 120 55 0 0.0% pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5 1 350 86 21 2 9.5% 8.9% 1.8% ±1.0% 2 280 70 16 1 6.3% 3 360 84 33 3 9.1% pBSII-ECFP-R2/L5 1 320 37 11 1 9.1% 12.5% 7.7% ±5.4% 2 300 38 5 1 20.0% pBSII-ECFP-R3/L5 1 220 39 7 1 14.3% 15.0% 0.8% ±0.6% 2 430 88 13 2 15.4% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L5 1 220 59 12 1 8.3% 12.9% 5.3% ±3.7% 2 510 123 19 3 15.8% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L4 1 340 108 21 1 4.8% 10.7% 16.8% ±11.9% 2 330 61 7 2 28.6% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L3 1 220 39 9 0 0.0% 9.7% 12.9% ±7.4% 2 240 53 14 1 7.1% 3 250 55 8 2 25.0% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L2 1 320 43 11 1 9.1% 10.8% 4.9% ±3.5% 2 530 148 25 4 16.0% pBSII-ECFP-R4/L1 1 350 89 30 0 0.0% 0.0% N/A N/A 2 160 33 16 0 0.0% 3 330 78 25 0 0.0% 4 150 31 15 0 0.0% pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L 1 280 73 31 0 0.0% 0.0% N/A N/A 2 330 96 40 0 0.0% pBSII-ECFP-R1/L 1 220 63 19 0 0.0% 0.0% N/A N/A 2 290 80 23 0 0.0% 3 330 104 27 0 0.0% pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm} 1 300 45 14 2 14.3% 12.9% 1.8% ±1.3% 2 350 59 17 2 11.8% pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP 1 530 128 36 5 13.9% 13.9% N/A N/A pXL-BacII-ECFP 1 500 80 14 3 21.4% 22.2% 0.9% ±0.6% 2 520 101 22 5 22.7% pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP* 1 515 120 22 8 36.4% 36.4% N/A N/A pXL-BacII-ECFP* 1 533 199 88 22 25.0% 25.0% N/A N/A Table 3 These injections were done independently (Handler lab) using a 0.4:0.2 ug/ul vector/helper concentration ratio of DNA. Statistical analysis of the data show no significant difference between frequencies obtained with any of the synthetic deletion mutants that yielded detectable numbers of transformants and the control plasmid pBac{3xP3-ECFPafm}. The assay cannot be interpreted to represent relative efficiencies of transformation among these constructs, but only whether a particular construct was able to generate transformants at a detectable frequency with the number of surviving injected flies analyzed.

TABLE 4 Transformed Drosophila Insertion Sites: Chromosome Insertion Site Sequence Strain Name Location 3′ junction 5′ junction p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP 3R  CCAAACTTCGGCGATGTTTTCTTAA--piggyBac-- pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP-1 3R TAGAATTCATGTTTCCAATTTTTTAA--piggyBac-- pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP-3 X                           --piggyBac--TTAAATTCGCATATGTGCAAATGTT pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5 3I  TCGGGTGGCACGTTGTGGATTTTAA--piggyBac--TTAAGCATGTCCTTAAGCATAAAAT pBSII-ECFP-R2/L5 2I  AAATACGTCACTCCCCTTCCCTTAA--piggyBac--TTAATGCTAGCTGCATGCAGGATGC pBSII-ECFP-R3/L5 2R  AGCTGCACTCACCGGATGTCCTTAA--piggyBac--TTAAACAAAAAATGAAACATAAGG pBSII-ECFP-R4/L5 2R  CCCAAAGTATAGTTAAATAGCTTAA--piggyBac--TTAAAGGAATTAATAAAAATACAA pBSII-ECFP-R4/L4 2R  GTTTATTTATGATTAGAGCCTTTAA--piggyBac--TTAATCTCCTCCGCCCTTCTTCAATT pBSII-ECFP-R4/L3 2R TGTTGTTTTTTTGTCCCCACGTTTAA--piggyBac--TTAAACAAACACCTTTGACAAATTT pBSII-ECFP-R4/L2 2I CTGCCTCTAGCCGCCTGCTTTATTAA--piggyBac--TTAATATTAATTGAAAATAAATGCA The 5′ (SEQ ID NOS 116-123) and 3′ (SEQ ID NOS 107-115) flanking sequences for the inserted piggyBac sequences in each strain were obtained using end-specific inverse PCR (Materials and Methods) followed by cloning and sequencing of the recovered fragments. The chromosomal locations were determined from the sequences using the BLAST search program against the available Drosophila sequence in the GenBank library.

TABLE 5 Percentage of each nucleotide at piggyBac insertion sites flanking sequences from position −10 to +10. % of each nucleotide at piggyBac insertion sites flanking sequences Nucleotide −10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 TTAA +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 A 22 31 38 33 26 27 16 18 18 29 41 28 43 41 42 43 28 34 33 40 C 20 19 22 17 17 23 15 20 26 15 11 20 18 20 15 17 21 23 16 11 G 28 19 17 16 24 8 24 16 19 12 18 29 22 13 20 12 23 6 15 11 T 30 31 23 34 33 42 45 46 37 44 30 23 17 26 23 28 28 37 36 38 Note: Percentage of each nucleotide at piggyBac insertion site flanking sequences from position −10 to +10. The available piggyBac insertion sites include insertion sites in transformed insect genomes (Handler et al., 1998; Toshiki et al., 1999; Handler et al., 1999; Peloquin et al., 2000; Thomas et al., 2001; Handler and Harrell, 2000; Hediger et al., 2001; Kokoza et al., 2001; Nolan et al., 2002; Heinrich et al., 2002; Grossman et al., 2001; Lobo et al., 2002; Perera et al., 2002; Mandrioli and Wimmer, 2003; Sumitani et al., 2003; Elick et al., 1996; Li et al., 2001a; data from this report), insertion sites in baculoviruses (Lynne et al., 1989; Fraser et al., 1995) and insertion sites in transposition assay target plasmid pGDV1(Thibault et al., 1999; Grossman et al., 2000; Lobo, Li and Fraser, unpublished and Li et al., 2001a). No consensus aside from the TTAA target site is apparent among these insertion sites. However, the piggyBac transposable element does have a preference of inserting in the TA rich region with 4~5 Ts before and 5~6 As after the TTAA target site.

Attempts to transform insects using plasmids containing a previously reported piggyBac ITR minimal sequence cartridge (Li et al., 2001b), that has facing 5′ and 3′ TRDs with their respective TTAA target sites and is completely devoid of ID sequences, failed to produce a transformation frequency that was comparable to frequencies obtained with full length or conservative ID deletion constructs (Handler and Harrell, 1999; Horn and Wimmer, 2000).

Frequencies of transposition obtained for the ITR-based p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP and the similarly constructed pBS-pBac/DsRed were far less than expected. While Southern hybridization and inverse PCR analyses did confirm that the single transformant recovered with p(PZ)-Bac-EYFP had resulted from transpositional insertion, the efficient transposition of piggyBac minimal vectors evidenced in interplasmid transposition assays (Li et al., 2001b) did not necessarily predict the properties of piggyBac transposon movement in germline transformations.

The fact that germline transposition involves distinctly different cell populations than interplasmid transposition in injected embryos may explain these discrepancies. Similar discrepancies between transformation results and artificial transposition assays have been reported with other Class II transposons (Tosi and Beverley, 2000; Lohe and Hartl, 2001; Lozovsky et al., 2002). In addition, the Hermes transposable element undergoes normal cut-and-paste transposition in plasmid-based transposition assays (Sarkar et al., 1997a), but germline integrations in Ae. aegypti seem to occur either through general recombination or through a partial replicative transposition mechanism (Jasinskiene et al., 2000).

The synthetic cartridge approach used to examine the role of ID sequences in effecting efficient germline transposition has the advantage of examining the involvement of sequences through reconstruction rather than by analysis of successive internal deletions. The main disadvantage of this approach in analyzing piggyBac is the high AT content of the transposon, which limits the position of useful primers. As a result, the present analyses does not define the exact limits of the requisite sequences. However, some of the most effective nucleic acid sequences are delimited to a relatively narrow 250 bp of TRD adjacent nucleic acid sequences.

Transformation results from synthetic unidirectional deletion plasmids shown here demonstrates that no more than about 66 bp (nt 36˜101) of the piggyBac 5′ nucleic acid sequence and about 378 bp (nt 2031˜2409) of the piggyBac 3′ nucleic acid sequence are necessary for efficient transformation when these deletions are paired with long (378 or 311 bp, respectively, or longer) nucleic acid sequences from the opposite end of the transposon. The transformation data from the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP plasmid further defines the 3′ nucleic acid sequence as 172 bp (nt 2237˜2409). Combining this same 172 bp 3′ nucleic acid sequence with only the 5′ TRD in the pBSII-ECFP-R-TR/L plasmid yielded no transformants, demonstrating that the 3′ nucleic acid sequence alone was insufficient for full mobility. Unexpectedly, adding the 66 bp 5′ nucleic acid sequence in pBSII-ECFP-R1/L also does not allow recovery of full transformation capability while the same 66 bp does allow full transformation capability when coupled to the larger (955 bp) 3′ nucleic acid sequence in pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5. This result cannot be explained by size alone, since the ITR cartridge strategy used to test these deletion sequence constructs effectively replaces the rest of the piggyBac nucleic acid sequence with the 2961 bp pBSII plasmid sequence.

The frequencies obtained for a given construct may be higher or lower relative to the control. The present studies detect the limits of nucleic acid sequences that yield acceptable transformation frequencies, and do not evaluate the effectiveness of the deleted regions relative to one another.

The present results indicate the presence of important nucleic acid sequences between nucleotides 66 and 311 of the 5′ nucleic acid sequence used for construction of the pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP, since this construct exhibits full transforming capability when matched with the L 3′ ID sequence. Compensating sequences must be present in 3′ nucleic acid sequences longer than 172 bp, since the 955 bp 3′ nucleic acid sequence included with primer L5 is able to compensate for the 66 bp 5′ nucleic acid sequence (construct pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5). There was noted a presence of small repeats in the 5′ nucleic acid sequence of pBSII-ITR1.1K-ECFP that are matched by similar sequences in the 3′ nucleic acid sequences included in construct pBSII-ECFP-R1/L5. These relatively small repeats (FIG. 28) occur in direct or opposite orientations and are also found in several other locations within the piggyBac nucleic acid sequence. There does seem to be a correlation between efficient transgenesis and the presence of at least one CAAAAT repeat in the 3′ nucleic acid sequence combined with at least one in the 5′ nucleic acid sequence, or the compensating presence of two or three sequence repeats in the 3′ nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments of the present inventive methods of transformation, the presence of this small repeat CAAAAT may be described as facilitating transpositional activity of piggyBac constructs.

Previous observations of efficient interplasmid transposition for the piggyBac ITR construct, completely devoid of piggyBac internal domain nucleic acid sequences (ID), support a mechanism for movement in which the piggyBac transposase binds at the terminal repeat regions (IR, spacer and TR) to effect transposition (Li et al., 2001b). Since the cut-and-paste reactions of excision and transposition do not appear to require ID sequences, the relatively unsuccessful application of the previously constructed ITR cartridge for germ-line transformation suggests the required ID sequences may be involved in other aspects of the transformation process than the mechanics of cut-and-paste. These other aspects seem to be linked to differential movement in germ line cells.

The presence of sequences important for full transforming capability within internal domains of transposons is not without precedent. Transposase binding to target sequences at or near the ends of the element is necessary to generate a synaptic complex that brings the ends of the element together for subsequent DNA cleavage (reviewed by Saedler and Gierl, 1996), but the efficiency of this interaction can be influenced by other sequences in the transposon. Multiple transposase binding sites or accessory factor binding sites are identified in other Class II transposon systems. Efficient transposition of mariner requires the continuity of several internal regions of this element and their proper spacing with respect to the terminal repeats (Lohe and Hartl, 2001; Lozovsky et al., 2002), although they are not essential for in vitro transposition (Tosi and Beverley, 2000). The P element transposase binding occurs at 10 bp subterminal sequences present at both 5′ and 3′ ends, while the 31 bp terminal inverted repeat is recognized by a Drosophila host protein, IRBP (inverted repeat binding protein), and an internally located 11 bp inverted repeat is shown to act as a transpositional enhancer in vivo (Rio and Rubin, 1988; Kaufman et al., 1989; Mullins et al., 1989). The maize Ac transposase binds specifically and cooperatively to repetitive ACG and TCG trinucleotides, which are found in more than 20 copies in both 5′ and 3′ subterminal regions, although the Ac transposase also weakly interacts with the terminal repeats (Kunze and Starlinger 1989; Becker and Kunze 1997). The TNPA transposase of the En/Spm element binds a 12 bp sequence found in multiple copies within the 5′ and 3′ 300 bp subterminal repeat regions (Gierl et al., 1988; Trentmann et al., 1993). The Arabidopsis transposon Tag1 also requires minimal subterminal sequences and a minimal internal spacer between 238 bp and 325 bp for efficient transposition (Liu et al., 2000). The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposable element contains two transposase binding sites (DRs) at the end of the ˜230 bp terminal inverted repeats (Ivics et al., 1997). The DNA-bending protein HMGB1, a cellular cofactor, was found to interact with the SB transposase in vivo to stimulate preferential binding of the transposase to the DR further from the cleavage site, and promoted bending of DNA fragments containing the transposon IR (Zayed et al., 2003).

These examples demonstrate that the piggyBac transposase or some host accessory factors could be binding to the identified critical TRD adjacent ID regions to promote efficient transposition in germ-line cells. While not intending to be limited to any particular theory or mechanism of action, these subterminal ID sequences may serve as additional piggyBac transposase binding sites, thus increasing the efficiency of movement by cooperative binding of the transposase. Alternatively, these sequences may serve as some accessory factor binding site(s) responsible for efficient alignment of the termini or facilitating association of the transposon with chromatin-complexed genomic sequences.

The present results force a reassessment of the reliability of plasmid-based transposition assays in predicting piggyBac movement for transgenesis. Plasmid-based transposition assays, while facilitating mutational analyses of the transposon, are likely to be reliable predictors of in vivo movement only when alterations lead to a loss of movement. This difference is likely due to the fact that plasmid-based assays indicate the activity of the transposon in somatic cells while transformation assays assess movement in germ-line cells. Chromatin in the primordial germ cells is structured and regulated differently than that of blastoderm cells (reviewed by Wolffe, 1996). This difference could contribute to different results in the two types of assays. Interplamsid transposition assays utilize purified supercoiled DNA as the target, while transformation assays target chromatin. Nucleosome formation on negatively supercoiled DNA occurs virtually instantaneously in vitro (Pfaffle and Jackson, 1990), and target plasmid DNA introduced into the embryo cells would most likely form nucleosome structures, but there will be a significant difference in complexity compared to chromatin. This difference in complexity could be the cause of different transposition results. Alternatively, the absence of additional transposase or accessory factor binding sites on the transposon could result in less efficient translocation of the DNA to the nucleus, or lessened affinity of the transposon/transposase complex for the genomic DNA.

Example 25—TRD Point Mutation Analysis

Sequence analysis of integrated constructs and subsequent detailed analysis of all the constructs confirms a point mutation in the TRD of all constructs examined in this study. This mutation is a C-A transversion in the 19 bp internal repeat sequence of the 3′ TRD (FIG. 30). This point mutation originated during construction of the pIAO plasmid (Li et al., 2001b), and is most likely the result of mis-incorporation during PCR amplification. However, our results confirm that this mutation has no significant effect on the transformation efficiency.

Under the conditions of the present direct PGR amplification using piggyBac 5′ terminus-specific primers, a weak band of the same size as the expected piggyBac band was generated from control w¹¹¹⁸ flies. The Southern hybridizations detected a 1.3 kb band in all of the transformants that was distinct from the pBSII backbone fragment (2.96 kb) and 3xP3-ECFP (1.16 kb) marker bands. piggyBac-like. sequences have been detected in many species by PGR and Southern hybridization analysis using probes derived from the piggyBac 5′ terminal region, including moths, flies, beetles, etc. (reviewed by Handler, 2002). A homology search against the available sequence database has identified the existence of the piggyBac-like sequences in the D. melanogaster genome (Sarkar et ai, 2003). These results reflect the presence of one of these degenerate piggyBac-Wke sequences in the Drosophila genome.

The insertion sites in the transformed fly strains were identified by either universal PCR or inverse PCR techniques. All insertions occurred exclusively at TTAA sites verifying that these insertions were due to a specific piggyBac transposase-mediated mechanism (Fraser et al., 1995). A ClustalX alignment of all piggyBac insertion sites identified here, including insertion sites in the transposition assay target plasmid pGDV1 (Sarkar et al., 1997b), baculovirus, and transformed insect genomes, does not reveal any further significant similarities (Table 5). The proposed existence of a larger piggyBac insertion consensus sequence YYTTTTTT/AARTAAYAG (SEQ ID NO: 124) (Y=pyrimidine, R=purine, /=insertion point) by Cary et al. (1989) and Grossman et al. (2000), and a short 8 bp consensus sequence A/TNA/TTTAAA/T (SEQ ID NO: 125) proposed by Li et al. (2001a) seem to be contradicted by the accumulated insertion site data. A decided preference was noted for piggyBac insertion within TTAA target sites flanked by 4-5 Ts on the 5′ side and 5-6 As on the 3′ side (Table 5).

Based on the minimal piggyBac vector pBSII-ITR1.1k-ECFP, a plasmid minimal vector, pXL-BacII-ECFP, was constructed which also yields a high frequency of transformation in D. melanogaster (Table 3). The present results confirm that both the pBSIIITR1.1k-ECFP and the pXL-BacII-ECFP minimal vectors can serve as highly efficient piggyBac transformation vectors.

All documents, patents, journal articles and other materials cited in the present application are hereby incorporated by reference.

Although the present invention has been fully described in conjunction with several embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that various changes and modifications may be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims, unless they depart therefrom.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following materials are hereby specifically incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A plasmid selected from the group consisting of pBSII-ECFP-R₄/L₂ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122185, pBSII-ECFP-R₄/L₃ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122183, and pBSII-ECFP-R₄/L₄ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122184.
 2. The plasmid of claim 1, wherein the plasmid is ECFP-R₄/L₂ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122185.
 3. The plasmid of claim 1, wherein the plasmid is pBSII-ECFP-R₄/L₃ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122183.
 4. The plasmid of claim 1 wherein the plasmid is pBSII-ECFP-R₄/L₄ deposited as ATCC Accession # PTA-122184. 